A representative sample (N=1988) of members of the two main teachers' organizations in Norway were mailed questionnaires in the spring of 1977 regarding their past and present smoking habits, and 92 percent responded. The percentage of daily smokers among the teachers was approximately half of that found in the general population. (BRR)

A differential psychological survey of about 100 Swedish mentally retarded young people in the 18-25 age group was carried out between 1966-1971 and again about 10 years later to clarify the meaning of social adjustment in middle age. Methodological problems are examined and preliminary results of the analysis are discussed. (BRR)

Four studies of sex differences in global and academic self-esteem were conducted in Norway in grades three, six, and eight. Self-esteem was measured by a 13-item context-free instrument. A significant sex by grade interaction was found in three of the studies for academic self-esteem and in two of the studies for global self-esteem. (Author/LMO)

A systematic presentation is given of the theories of justification normally applied to paternalistic acts: (1) pseudo-paternalism, (2) consequentialism, and (3) consent-based theories. The validity of four common arguments for educational paternalism is discussed: education is necessary, children are ignorant, children are unable to choose, and…

Material comprising teachers' questions and pupils' responses was collected during ordinary lessons in order to gain an understanding of the linguistic interaction during lessons in the mother tongue. (Author/LMO)

This article clarifies and systematizes different elements inherent in conceptualizations of adult education. Distinctions are made between an age aspect and a life-cycle aspect, and between the aspects of time, formality, organization, intentionality, and normality. (Author/LMO)

Studies included in two major reviews of sex differences in global self-esteem have been reanalyzed on methodological grounds. A survey is also conducted of 29 studies reported between 1975 and 1985. Results show a strong indication that males had higher global self-esteem than females as measured by context-free instruments. (Author/LMO)

An exploratory reanalysis is presented of survey results from a random sample of the economically active population in Sweden. Teachers in the sample formed a specific category (n=55). Results showed that the social class orientations of teachers concerning economic and political matters were closest to employers and most distant from workers.…

This study tested the assumption of a moral component in teacher behavior. Student-teaching performance was rated according to 14 different scales, using supervising teachers as raters. Results indicated that individual differences in social sensitivity were significantly related to differences in teacher ratings, while individual differences in…

The accumulation of and recovery from stress among teachers was studied longitudinally over a period of 14 months. Variables related to psychological state and health, together with hours of work, free time, and night time rest. The quality of interpersonal relations were measured 17 times in a group of 187 teachers. (Author/LMO)

Sex differences in achievement test results and school marks are reviewed. Research shows a pattern that girls earn more in marks in relation to test results than boys. By using available Swedish data from two longitudinal research projects, one of them including boy-girl twins, the pattern is confirmed. (Author/LMO)

As a basis for taking a position on the future school structure in grades 8-10 in Denmark, an extensive study was carried out on mixed ability teaching (teaching in heterogeneous classes) on these grade levels. Results showed that mixed ability teaching gave at least as good results as teaching in differentiated classes. (Author/LMO)

The terms reading disability and dyslexia are discussed, as well as the meaning of function analysis as a way of diagnosing behavior and difficulties in reading and spelling. The author's model classifies reading disability and dyslexia as auditory, auditory-visual, visual, emotional, or pedagogic. The Bergen Study is described. (Author/LMO)

This monograph includes chapters on: (1) The Need for Educational Productivity Research; (2) Syntheses of Research on Factors Influencing Learning; (3) Contextual and Transactional Influences on Science Outcomes; (4) Identifying the Salient Facets of a Model of Student Learning: A Synthesis of Meta-Analysis; and (5) Use of National Survey Data in…

The specification and estimation of a partial least squares model is discussed in terms of assessing the magnitude of the effects of a variety of differences among Swedish schools on the cognitive and affective outcomes of lower secondary students in science. (Author/SB)