The decline of the psychometric paradigm for studying intelligence was due in part to its failure to meet four challenges. On the surface, users of the information-processing paradigms seem successfully to have met these challenges, but at a deeper level, the level of success is not so great. (Author/BW)

Classroom behavior was observed over a six-month period in 68 junior high school classes to determine (a) the temporal stability of the behavioral indexes and (b) reliable trends over the school year. A certain deterioration occurs in late spring and observations obtained in midyear are less likely to be distorted. (Author/GK)

The effects of neutral, separate, and interactive imagery instructions on the learning performance of first and fifth graders were compared for both single-item and paired-associate tasks. Results revealed that both younger and older children using images did show facilitation, compared with those not using images. (Author/GK)

Personality and behavioral consequences of learned helplessness were monitored in children experiencing failure in school. The predictive quality of learned helplessness theory was compared with that of value expectancy theories. Low self-concept was predicted significantly by school failure, internal attributions for failure, and external…

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of note taking and reviewing on learning from text. The findings supported the encoding function of note taking and demonstrated that unguided elaboration hindered performance on teacher-made tests. (Author/GK)

Two major types of sociometric measures were administered to groups of learning handicapped and nonhandicapped children. Common scoring methods were compared. Data analyses indicated that variation in class placement of learning handicapped children is crucial in judging the appropriateness and interpretation of content of various sociometric…

The cumulative hierarchical assumption of Bloom's Taxonomy was tested by orienting American Australian subjects at four taxonomic levels to the same study material and administering an unexpected memory test. Moderate support was obtained for the cumulative hierarchical assumption, but it is concluded that the evaluation category is misplaced.…

Instructional variables were manipulated to determine whether they influence the level of perceptual analysis. The relationships of perceptual analysis to concept learning and evaluations of the instructors were also examined in the study. (Author/GK)

Instructor/course evaluations had an impact on election of four political science courses by university students. The course rated most highly was elected more frequently by those who had reviewed ratings even though it was rated as requiring more work. (Author/AEF)

To test the validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) for minority groups, factorial similarity across race was investigated with separate principal-factor analyses for White and Black children from the nationally representative WISC-R standardization sample. On every measure, the White and Black groups were highly…

Two training experiments were conducted to assess whether teaching grade 3 and 4 children to engage in comparison activity improves their referential communication performance (identifying a particular referent for a listerner) and message appraisal and production. Results demonstrated that comparison training improved childrens' referential…

High-Formality and low-formality versions of a passage were read by undergraduate education students who either took notes for a presentation to professionals or to students, or simply read the text. Results of a free-recall test support the encoding function of note taking and its relation to informal prose. (Author/AEF)

Twenty-eight learned helpless children (ages 9-13) assessed as reading below grade level were randomly assigned to one of four reinforcement and attribution retaining treatments. Indirect and direct attribution retaining increased childrens' reading persistence and their attribution of failure on the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility scale…

The relationship between cognitive restructuring and perception of the upright (tests of which may be used to measure field dependence-independence [FDI]) was investigated. Data analysis of 34 tests administered to high school seniors, including 12 measures of FDI, resulted in five dimensions, including two associated with FDI. (Author/AEF)

To investigate the role expectation based rules governing formal reasoning performance, a battery of group and individual aptitude measures and formal reasoning tests were administered to 17-year-olds. Individual differences in usage of these rules were clarified by establishing an overlap between an aptitude model and formal reasoning.…