Results from a study of 485 young children provided evidence that the development of counting skills is an evolving process in which parts of a relatively simple rule are replaced by features that enable the child to perform an increasingly broad range of counting tasks. (Author/BW)

To investigate the order in which the components of the text-lookback strategy are acquired, 100 fifth-grade students were asked to tutor younger readers. The order of acquisition was as follows: undifferentiated rereading, text sampling, question differentiation, and text manipulation. (Author/BW)

A direct-instruction approach to computer-assisted instruction is proposed, with the corrective feedback paradigm. Features of the paradigm include adaptive feedback techniques with discrimination training and increasing ratio review. An experiment where 102 undergraduate students learned English-Japanese (transliterated) word pairs demonstrated…

Two groups of children who had attended open and traditional classrooms, respectively, for three years were compared. Multivariate analyses of repeated measures showed that open-classroom subjects had higher scores in social problem-solving cognitions, self-esteem, and ego strength. (Author/BW)

This study assessed the influence of reading ability and difficulty of material on types of oral reading errors made by 42 second-grade children. Overall, types of errors changed as the material became more difficult. The interactions between reading ability and difficulty level were also significant. (Author/BS)

Processing of verbal analogies was evaluated by recording eye fixation patterns during solution of problems that represented a broad range of difficulty. Findings on easier problems replicated previous work. On difficult items, high verbal ability individuals adapted processing strategies to a greater extent then did low ability students.…

Reading tasks frequently performed by electronics engineers and technicians were identified and simulated with test items in four domains: (1) comprehending articles; (2) locating information in schematics; (3) locating information in articles; and (4) locating information in manuals. Factor analyses revealed two factors: comprehension and…

In a large-scale field experiment aimed at improving spelling instruction in Dutch schools, the effectiveness of a newly developed algorithmic teaching method was compared with the conventionally and commonly used analogy approach. The analogy group showed comparatively little progress in learning results. (Seventy-five test items are appended).…

Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects on decoding mistakes and comprehension of text passages at fastest and slowest reading rates. Subjects included 181 Israeli first graders and 60 American first graders. Subjects reading at their normal maximum speed averaged fewer errors and higher comprehension. (Author/LMO)

Two studies examined the role of self-reference as a mnemonic for prose material. Prior to reading descriptive passages, undergraduate students received self-reference, other-reference, linguistic, or control processing instructions. Overall, the self-reference instructions resulted in the greatest amount of recall. (Author/LMO)

The effect of copying foreign language vocabulary words and/or pronouncing them aloud while attempting to learn their English counterparts was investigated in three experiments. Results were interpreted as supporting the view that copying foreign language words assists in the formation of memory codes for their written forms. (Author/LMO)

This article examines naive conceptions of spatial reference that children bring to Logo programing language learning. Students from Grades 4, 5, 6, and 8 were introduced to six Logo commands, and then were tested on predicting the output for instances of each of the commands. (Author/LMO)

This paper investigated three kinds of changes that could occur when a child learns to program in Logo. Novice programmers from fourth grade classes were given three sessions of Logo instruction. Results provided some preliminary evidence that productive learning of a programming language involves a chain of cognitive changes. (Author/LMO)

The influence of attribution and self-control training on short- and long-term maintenance of strategic behavior, impulsivity, and beliefs about self-efficacy was assessed in 77 underachieving, hyperactive children. Results supported the use of attribution and self control training in treating strategic deficits in hyperactive and learning…

Over 1,000 undergraduates evaluated 16 male and female professors in terms of teaching effectiveness and sex-typed characteristics. Male students gave female professors significantly poorer ratings than male professors on the six teaching evaluation measures. Female students evaluated female professors less favorably than male professors on three…