An experiment was conducted to examine how different response modes for practice questions and the presence or absence of cues influenced students' self-efficacy beliefs, perceived cognitive load, and performance in language recall and recognition tasks. One hundred fifty-seven 6th grade students were randomly assigned to one of four…

The IRT (Item Response Theory) has been studied and applied in computer-based test for decades. However, almost of all these existing studies evaluated focus merely on test questions with text-based (or static text/graphic) type of presentation form illustrated exclusively. In this paper, we present our study on test questions using both…

With the proliferation of technology, electronic texts in the form of hypertext and hypermedia systems as well as digital libraries are increasingly being used in scientific inquiry. Digital or hypertext documents are nonlinear and flexible, and enable students to follow their own investigation paths. However, the flexibility also poses challenges…