Presents second part of two-part series reviewing the published literature of smokeless tobacco in the United States. Explores smokeless tobacco as a pharmacologically addicting substance, discusses educational interventions designed to prevent use or help users quit, and outlines areas of future research. (Author)

Third step in development of perceptual inventory of factors associated with marijuana use involved administering inventory to 60 parents who were members of community anti-drug group. Factor analysis revealed 5-factor solution that used all 34 items. Scales were labeled Parental Limitations, Societal Issues, Inherent Predispositions,…

Community gatekeepers (N=53) participated in alcohol education workshop to increase identification, intervention, and referral of women with alcohol problems. Participants completed questionnaires before and after workshop and participated in six-month follow-up. Results suggest the higher the educational level and the more salient the topic of…

Showed videotapes designed to affect personal level judgments of concern and risk in context of smokeless tobacco use to 388 tenth graders, manipulating either message convincingness or perceived probability of consequences portrayed in message. Results suggest that media manipulation of probability of consequences would be more effective than…

Reviews programs and intervention strategies of substance abuse prevention in Israel, concentrating mainly on stages of primary and secondary prevention among youth. Analyzes school-based prevention programs, those designed for detached youth, and community-based programs. Compares prevention efforts in Israel to those in other Western countries.…

Compared substance use and problem behavior of students who participated in "I'm Special" Program (ISP) in fourth grade and of non-participants during later school years. Found proportion of current substance users and incidence of related problem behavior were significantly lower among ISP graduates, especially in grades five through seven. ISP…

Sampled 1,004 eighth and tenth graders in 23 rural communities to examine peer influence and drug use. Students who perceived higher degree of drug use among friends and who received more information about drugs from friends used drugs more frequently. Findings support theory that peer pressure is related to drug abuse. (Author/NB)

Determined drug use and abuse patterns of homeless/runaway youths (n=253) and compared them to similar data collected from adolescents in school. Comparisons showed that drug use and abuse was two to three times more prevalent for runaways than for school youths. Runaways' attitudes toward selected illicit behaviors were more tolerant than those…

Evaluated relationships among negative-personal functions of drinking, alienation, and perceived discrepancies between valued goals and expected success toward valued goals in 257 college drinkers. Found positive relationship between alienation scores and extent of discrepancies between values and expectations for academic and social success.…

Survey of 58 physicians revealed that they did not routinely ask their pregnant patients about alcohol consumption for several reasons: physician bias resulting from own abuse, lack of training, poor awareness of problem and effects, denial that Fetal Alcohol Syndrome occurs in private practice, time limitations, disinterest, fear of offending…

Examined frequency and prevalence of drug and alcohol use among 850 university employees. Explored alcohol and drug use within past year and month among university faculty, administrators, clerical staff, and physical plant/custodial staff. Found stress weakly correlated with some drug use in past month; depression consistently correlated with…

Notes that, although Native Americans show high rates of alcoholism, violence, suicide, and early death, these problems are seldom covered well in textbooks. Conducted content analysis of 26 textbooks on alcoholism and substance misuse. Found that only four provided detailed discussion of Native American drinking. Suggests need for greater…

Adolescents (n=74) in schools, community, or hospital drug intervention programs received eight- to nine-week structured fitness activity class as part of programs. Subjects who improved in fitness tests also demonstrated significant increase in self-concept risk factor and significant decrease in anxiety and depression risk factors compared to…

Examined effect of specific training for counseling students (n=28) in preparing them to work with alcoholic clients. Results indicated that training session specifically designed for working with alcoholic populations significantly increased objective knowledge base of counseling students, although single training session was not enough to…

Describes development of Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis (ADAD), a 150-item instrument with a structured interview format, which produces a comprehensive evaluation of the life problem areas pertinent to the needs of adolescent drug abuse clients. A series of validity and reliability tests are described, along with characteristics of the…