In this retrospective essay reviewing the implications of Joseph Schwab's essay, "The practical: A language for education" (2013 [1970]), 40+?years after its first publication, I identify two "practicals". The first is a comprehensive "Practical 1.1" embracing ends, subject matter, problem source and methods.…

Description of a general model of teaching which emphasizes certain inherent, fundamental tasks and constraints, and a review of literature related to the model and to open education attempt to increase understanding of what the class-room is and what reform of the classroom entails. (Author/KM)

If a major objective of general education is to make children capable of understanding their worlds and of solving technical problems, then mathematics instruction must be provided for all children. However, historical analyses suggest that educators cannot expect great success in implementing this "mathematics for all" orientation in the future.…

Examines how public confidence in the U.S. school system has fluctuated during the 1970s and 1980s. Describing U.S. high schools as underachievers, Westbury compares them to the schools of other nations. Acknowledges past achievements of high schools, but argues that they should not provide a blueprint for the future. (GEA)