Provides a historical perspective of the classroom-management context, noting that certain classroom-management principles are applicable to the range of possible instructional strategies and concluding that management systems should support instructional systems and student roles should be clearly articulated in the planning process for…

Process-outcome findings linking teacher behavior to student achievement are reviewed. The findings are divided into quantitative results that identify general classroom characteristics associated with high levels of student achievement gain and qualitative results that suggest particular teacher managerial and instructional behaviors involved in…