Describes an extension to the Rasch model for fundamental measurement in which there is parameterization not only for examinee ability and item difficulty but also for judge severity. Discusses variants of this model and judging plans, and explains its use in an empirical testing situation. (SLD)

Suggests eight guidelines to aid the analyst in optimizing the manner in which rating scale categories cooperate to improve the usefulness of the resultant measures. Presents these guidelines in the context of Rasch analysis, but notes that they reflect aspects of rating scale functioning that impact all methods of analysis. (SLD)