This comparative case study explored the motives and goals of two American students participating in short-term study abroad (SA). Findings, interpreted from an activity theory perspective, demonstrated that despite similar language-learning histories and demographic characteristics, the students were learning French and participating in SA for different reasons. Dissimilarities between their language-learning motives and goals for SA led to differences in their experiences using French and interacting with host families and, later, to shifts in goals and language-learning strategies. These findings offer support for a relational definition of the "context" of learning during SA wherein context is emergent from individuals' language-learning motives and reasons for engaging in SA, goals for SA, and resulting actions. Practical implications of this study include the need for intervention in student learning during SA. (Contains 3 tables.)