NotesFAQContact Us
Collection
Advanced
Search Tips
50 Years of ERIC
50 Years of ERIC
The Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) is celebrating its 50th Birthday! First opened on May 15th, 1964 ERIC continues the long tradition of ongoing innovation and enhancement.

Learn more about the history of ERIC here. PDF icon

Showing all 10 results
The Transformation of Disabilities Organizations
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Direct linkDirect link
Schalock, Robert L.; Verdugo, Miguel-Angel – Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 2013
This article summarizes the five major characteristics of the transformation era and describes how intellectual and closely related developmental disabilities organizations can apply specific transformation strategies associated with each characteristic. Collectively, the characteristics and strategies provide a framework for transformation…
Descriptors: Mental Retardation, Developmental Disabilities, Organizations (Groups), Organizational Change
What's at Stake in the Lives of People with Intellectual Disability? Part I: The Power of Naming, Defining, Diagnosing, Classifying, and Planning Supports
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Direct linkDirect link
Schalock, Robert L.; Luckasson, Ruth – Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 2013
This article focuses on the power of naming, defining, diagnosing, classifying, and planning supports for people with intellectual disability. The article summarizes current thinking regarding these five functions, states the essential question addressed by the respective function, and provides an overview of the high stakes involved for people…
Descriptors: Mental Retardation, Naming, Classification, Definitions
What's at Stake in the Lives of People with Intellectual Disability? Part II: Recommendations for Naming, Defining, Diagnosing, Classifying, and Planning Supports
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Direct linkDirect link
Luckasson, Ruth; Schalock, Robert L. – Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 2013
This article focuses on recommendations for naming, defining, diagnosing, classifying, and planning supports for individuals with intellectual disability (ID). The article provides an overview of the essential questions addressed by the respective functions and provides a series of specific recommendations that address the high stakes involved for…
Descriptors: Mental Retardation, Naming, Definitions, Clinical Diagnosis
How Organizations Can Enhance the Quality of Life of Their Clients and Assess Their Results: The Concept of QOL Enhancement
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Direct linkDirect link
Reinders, Hans S.; Schalock, Robert L. – American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 2014
This article presents the framework of a dynamic approach to quality of life (QOL) enhancement based on the conceptualization and measurement of individual-referenced quality of life. Sections of the article summarize the premises of QOL enhancement, provide the rationale for a dynamic approach to QOL enhancement, discuss six components of QOL…
Descriptors: Quality of Life, Disabilities, Individual Needs, Individual Characteristics
Person-Centered Planning: Analysis of Research and Effectiveness
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Direct linkDirect link
Claes, Claudia; Van Hove, Geert; Vandevelde, Stijn; van Loon, Jos; Schalock, Robert L. – Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 2010
Person-centered planning is a well known and widely used approach to individual program planning in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities. Its purpose is to develop collaborative supports focused on community presence, community participation, positive relationships, respect, and competence. Because there is little research on…
Descriptors: Mental Retardation, Community Involvement, Developmental Disabilities, Program Development
The Construct of Adaptive Behavior: Its Conceptualization, Measurement, and Use in the Field of Intellectual Disability
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Direct linkDirect link
Tasse, Marc J.; Schalock, Robert L.; Balboni, Giulia; Bersani, Hank, Jr.; Borthwick-Duffy, Sharon A.; Spreat, Scott; Thissen, David; Widaman, Keith F.; Zhang, Dalun – American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 2012
This article updates the current conceptualization, measurement, and use of the adaptive behavior construct. Major sections of the article address an understanding of the construct, the current approaches to its measurement, four assessment issues and challenges related to the use of adaptive behavior information for the diagnosis of intellectual…
Descriptors: Adjustment (to Environment), Mental Retardation, Measurement, Evaluation
The Renaming of "Mental Retardation": Understanding the Change to the Term "Intellectual Disability"
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Direct linkDirect link
Schalock, Robert L.; Luckasson, Ruth A.; Shogren, Karrie A. – Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 2007
The purpose of this article is to clarify the shift to the term "intellectual disability." At the heart of that shift is the understanding that this term covers the same population of individuals who were diagnosed previously with mental retardation in number, kind, level, type, and duration of the disability and the need of people with this…
Descriptors: Identification, Mental Retardation, Definitions
Intellectual Disability: Definition, Classification, and Systems of Supports. Eleventh Edition
Direct linkDirect link
Schalock, Robert L.; Borthwick-Duffy, Sharon A.; Bradley, Valerie J.; Buntinx, Wil H. E.; Coulter, David L.; Craig, Ellis M.; Gomez, Sharon C.; Lachapelle, Yves; Luckasson, Ruth; Reeve, Alya; Shogren, Karrie A.; Snell, Martha E.; Spreat, Scott; Tasse, Marc J.; Thompson, James R.; Verdugo-Alonso, Miguel A.; Wehmeyer, Michael L.; Yeager, Mark H. – American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 2010
This Manual contains the most current and authoritative information and knowledge on intellectual disability, including best practice guidelines on diagnosing and classifying intellectual disability and developing a system of supports for people living with an intellectual disability. Written by a committee of 18 experts, "Intellectual Disability:…
Descriptors: Mental Retardation, Developmental Disabilities, Classification, Definitions
Examining the Factor Structure and Hierarchical Nature of the Quality of Life Construct
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Direct linkDirect link
Wang, Mian; Schalock, Robert L.; Verdugo, Miguel A.; Jenaro, Christina – American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 2010
There is considerable debate in the area of individual quality of life research regarding the factor structure and hierarchical nature of the quality of life construct. Our purpose in this study was to test via structural equation modeling an a priori quality of life model consisting of eight first-order factors and one second-order factor. Data…
Descriptors: Structural Equation Models, Mental Retardation, Quality of Life, Factor Structure
Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Supports Intensity Scale (SIS)
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Direct linkDirect link
Verdugo, Miguel-Angel; Arias, Benito; Ibanez, Alba; Schalock, Robert L. – American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 2010
The Supports Intensity Scale (SIS) is used to determine the profile and intensity of the supports needed by a person to participate successfully in major life activities. With its publication into 13 languages, a need has arisen to document its reliability and validity across language and cultural groups. Here we explain the adaptation and the…
Descriptors: Mental Retardation, Validity, Measures (Individuals), Foreign Countries