The central and distinguishing thesis of social and cultural perspectives on outcome equity is that public school classrooms are culturally biased environments. Such environments disaffect children who arrive at school from the economic or cultural margin. The "formative learning environment" (FoLE) establishes and sustains legitimate…

This article reviews how education for citizenship could be implemented and practised in Scottish primary schools at whole school, classroom and community level within the context of the new Curriculum for Excellence. It draws upon the advice and information given in existing key literature to provide an overview of the approaches that develop…