The history of medical and legal professional education in the 1800's is directly related to the social and intellectual context of the respective professions. Doctors required the establishment of a recognized "school" of medicine and lawyers established legitimacy through competent court room technique. (JH)

Examines the Carnegie Forum and Holmes Group reports on U. S. education. Points out that both reports assume there is an agreed-upon body of knowledge about teaching and learning. Notes the reports differ on where the roots of professional knowledge lie and examines both reports' arguments in this regard. (RKM)

Discusses the use of simultaneous recitation as an instructional strategy in Baltimore's (Maryland) primary schools during the early part of the 19th century. Describes the classroom environment and attempts to use student monitors to make the simultaneous recitation approach more effective. (CFR)