Explains the work of the Puerto Rican government's educational agency in promoting the first governor's ideas about culture and democratic citizenship. Sets these initiatives within the context of Puerto Rico's ambiguous political status and discusses the role of government-sponsored cultural projects. (Contains 86 references.) (SK)

Describes four eras in Mexican-American education: (1) schooling in the Southwest, 1848-1890; (2) expansion of Mexican-American education, 1890-1930; (3) changing nature of public education, 1930-1960; and (4) the contemporary period. Explores such themes as exclusion, segregated and inferior schooling, and nativism. (SK)

The author provides a comprehensive study of one of the most cited but least studied authorities on Black educational history, Horace Mann Bond. The author highlights both the social conditions that confronted all Black Americans during the first three decades of the twentieth century and the Black academic response of that time. (Author/CT)

Examines the role of education in the Holocaust of Nazi Germany, discusses U.S. nuclear weapons policy and factors of psychological resistance that have limited citizen participation in decision making, and explores the potential of education to help prevent nuclear war. (Author/SK)

Describes the transformation of a Jesuit colegio in El Salvador from a school for sons of wealthy landowners into a school open to all people. Also examines the history of the Jesuit order in El Salvador from 1914 to the present. (Author/CT)

This history of Lancaster, a nineteenth-century reform school for poor girls, illustrates the change in reform ideology from belief in the efficacy of family-style environment to concern for protecting the social order from "hereditarily deviant" children. The role of institutions as mechanisms for social control of the poor and of women is also…

The author describes the Allen School of Northborough, Massachusetts, which emphasized the "innate goodness" of children's natures and stressed practice and experience in education. She contrasts the Allens' educational philosophy with that of Bronson Alcott. (Author/SK)

Pincus argues that vocational education has been developed in response to the rising educational aspirations of the working class. He claims that vocational training provides a poor payoff under the present economic system, and that the promotion of vocational programs raises unrealistic expectations in students. (Author/SK)

Discusses seven stereotypical views concerning the history of federal involvement in elementary and secondary education. Examines federal intervention after World War II; origination of federal programs; the National Defense Education Act; basic skills education; federal aid to precollegiate education; federal pressure for desegregation; and…

The author discusses federal legislation that concerns American Indian education. Examines contract schools, the Bureau of Indian Affairs school system, availability of public schools, sectarian mission schools, termination of tribal sovereignty, relocation to urban areas, and the Indian Education Act of 1972. (CT)

This essay outlines the federal role through Congress, the executive branch, and the judiciary in increasing equality of educational opportunity in the United States. Special emphasis is placed on government efforts of the 1960s and 1970s. (CT)

Early stages of the development of educational philosophy in the United States involved the social reform movement of the 1890s, populism, progressivism, social science, literary history, muckraking, Hull House, and the work of Herbert Spencer and John Dewey. (SK)

The history of the Caswell County (North Carolina) Training School, a segregated African-American school, shows that the community and school supported each other in ways that do not fit current definitions of parent involvement. Adopting some of the methods of the Caswell School might help today's African-American parents and schools improve…