There are 29 million "middle jobs" in the United States that pay $35,000 or more on average and don't require a Bachelor's degree. There are five Career and Technical Education (CTE) pathways that educate and train Americans for these jobs: employer-based training, industry-based certifications, apprenticeships, postsecondary certificates, and Associate's degrees. The United States invests roughly $1.4 trillion in human capital development each year. National spending on the five CTE pathways totals $524 billion annually. The five CTE pathways make further education more affordable. [For the main report, "Career and Technical Education: Five Ways That Pay along the Way to the B.A.," see ED535321.]