Reviews the history of providing noneducational services to children in a school setting from the perspective of past and present reform efforts. Argues that urban school reform should be based on a "children-at-risk" model rather than a "nation-at-risk" model and should incorporate lessons from the past. (SLD)

Traces the evolution of adoption from colonial times to the present, discussing the placement of children as servants in the eighteenth century, the implementation of a legal framework for adoption in the nineteenth century, and the present system of private and public adoption agencies. (MDM)