This article shows that unexpected gains can happen when teachers develop aggressive, innovative, and adaptive orientation and mobility (O&M) programming for children who are low-functioning. A case study illustrates strategies for using an adaptive mobility device, squaring-up, stepping out, and charting progress. Challenges to a successful O&M…

This article discusses how students with learning disabilities can use memory-enhancing strategies to remember basic multiplication facts. Step-by-step instructions are provided for using pegwords and symbols to teach multiplication. Student self-assessment and self-monitoring are discussed, and an example of a student progress chart is provided.…

A 2-year study on the shortage of personnel serving children with visual impairments found a need for 5,000 teachers and 10,000 orientation and mobility specialists. Proposed action steps include preparing new and existing personnel, preparing new leaders and researchers, and expanding the capacity to recruit new and retain existing personnel.…

This article explains the use of mediation to improve special education partnerships between families and schools. Benefits and drawbacks to mediation are described, along with strategies for finding out about mediation in individual states and finding a mediator. Information on the Consortium for Appropriate Dispute Resolution in Special…

The "Inventory of Disability Representation" was administered to 92 teachers representing kindergarten, community child care, or preschool settings. Low scores across settings indicated that classrooms typically do not have materials that represent or depict children with diverse abilities. Reasons cited by teachers are noted as are benefits…

This article describes peer coaching as a method for teacher improvement and offers guidelines for establishing a peer coaching program for early childhood and early childhood special education teachers and related services professionals. It also identifies common problems and possible solutions of peer coaching programs. Sample forms for use in…

This article first describes various augmentative communication systems including sign language, picture symbols, and voice output communication devices. It then explains ways to embed augmentative communication within four types of early childhood classroom activities: (1) special or planned activities, (2) meal time, (3) circle time, and (4)…

A review of the history of standards-based reform in public education is followed by analysis of trends in including students with disabilities in all aspects of standards-based reform: setting standards, participating in assessments, making assessment accommodations, reporting results, developing accountability systems, and teaching/learning. The…

This article discusses risk factors that influence the development of educational problems in children and protective factors that foster resilience. It reviews three aspects of risk and protective factors: early in-child signs, families, and schools. The effect of instructional programs, curriculum, and teachers' perceptions and expectations are…

Presents a conceptual framework for teaching science to students with disabilities. The framework suggests integration of explicit instruction in critical concepts, with cognitively-based approaches that emphasize problem-solving skills on real-world tasks. Implications for policy, professional development, and creation of learning environments…

Using a qualitative cross-case methodology over three years, this study investigated how two gifted students with cerebral palsy and no speech exhibited their cognitive abilities. Findings indicated such traits as maturity, goal orientation, persistence/determination, patience, recognition of limitations, desire for independence from aids and…

This study analyzed the Individualized Education Program (IEP) statements of 24 students' present functioning and goals concerning social competence, observed the students in various school settings, and interviewed teachers and students. IEP statements accurately characterized present peer interactions, but instructional practices to foster peer…

This qualitative study examined transition-related practices at one school and their effects on experiences of secondary students with learning disabilities. Findings indicated utilization of some literature-identified best practices including vocation-related activities, instruction in self-determination skills, and such planning activities as…

This study compared three levels of inclusion (special education only, integrated special education, and mainstream placements) on the cognitive and language development of 66 preschool children with disabilities. Analysis of pre- to postgains revealed that integrated special education produced gains that significantly exceeded the rate of normal…

This study compared the stress, social support, and adjustment of 40 middle school students with learning disabilities or mild mental retardation and 396 general education students without learning problems. The students with learning problems experienced more stress, less peer support, greater adult support, and poorer adjustment, than those…