At a time when many countries are slowing expansion, Finland continues to provide for growth in funding, particularly research, until 1991. Pressures for reform include the growing number of students seeking higher education, the need for highly educated manpower, and pressure for international comparability of degrees. (MSE)

A discussion of British higher education policy in the 1980s looks at the relationship between government, public institutions, and citizens in conservative ideology; to what extent this strategy confronts the peculiar traditions and weaknesses of British higher education; and how it compares with other European approaches. (MSE)

In the late 1980s, Norwegian higher education has been characterized by increasing political interest, focus on universities and long-term research-oriented education, a growing student population, and a market orientation. Growing unemployment is also a factor. Despite opposition to Norway's joining the European Economic Community, integration at…

The German research university concept was under pressure in the 1980s, but the value system has not changed much. Relative economic prosperity helped the overloaded state system. The federal organization of higher education seems to be a stabilizing influence, as is the political and economic breakdown in eastern Europe. (MSE)

Danish educational planning has become characterized by strategic development aimed at satisfying pragmatic market demands. This emerging instrumentalism is edging out the principles of democracy and equality in education, with serious consequences for the continued development of the society as a whole, and must be monitored carefully. (MSE)

The 1989 Dutch Higher Education and Scientific Research Act contains a new set of rules for universities and technical institutes and also a new policy approach, characterized by a system rather than institutional orientation. Several problems are seen in this as yet underdeveloped strategy. (MSE)

The emergence of interest in the quantitative, structural, and administrative aspects of higher education as a field of study is chronicled, and comparisons are made in the ways the institutional research field developed in the United States and Western Europe. (MSE)

A review of European research on the relationship between higher education and employment addresses a variety of issues, including changing employment opportunities and patterns for graduates, "appropriate" employment and educational relevance, and employer expectations and recruitment criteria. (MSE)

A discussion of innovation in European higher education looks at governmental strategies toward higher education, instruments government uses to influence higher education, fundamental characteristics of higher education institutions, the literature on innovation in higher education, and the relationship between governmental efforts and the…

The directions and approaches taken in research on the relationship between university teaching and learning are examined in the literature. Weaknesses in methodology are discussed, and aspects of research on students, academic instruction, and socialization are considered. (MSE)

Several aspects of East German research on university teaching methods, with special reference to Karl Marx University, are discussed: the development of teaching methods as part of the educational sciences field; selected recent research results, and the application of research findings to practice in the training and retraining of university…

The forms and strategies of institutional self-regulation used in Europe for program assessment and improvement are viewed as partial structures, not integrated systems designed to fully realize the potential of the self-regulatory system. A self-regulation program review model for use in ministerial or other centrally administered systems is…

A discussion of research needs concerning higher education-industry collaboration in Europe looks at the impact of such collaboration in five areas: institutional autonomy, the status of continuing education, relations between university and non-university education, relationships between basic and applied research, and disciplines not normally…

Three types of change in higher education resulting from the establishment of the European Community and related educational initiatives are examined: (1) those that are compulsory or unavoidable; (2) those that will be facilitated or encouraged; and (3) those for which the approach of 1992 represents an exceptional opportunity. (MSE)

Concerns about institutional autonomy, maintenance of institutional diversity, the internationalization of scientific research, and educational quality resulting from unification of the European Community are discussed from historical, political, market, and academic perspectives. (MSE)