Issues in vocationalization of the two-tier system of higher education in France are considered, including vocationally oriented professional courses; the impact of mass education; changing aims of university studies; and issues for the future, such as the balance between short-term and long-term needs. (DB)

The Dutch binary system of higher education and trends toward increased vocationalism are discussed. The article notes the governmental policy to encourage the technical and natural sciences and explores new relationships between the university and higher vocational education sectors. A policy of parity in resources with clear distinction of the…

This paper analyzes Irish governmental policy related to quantitative and qualitative changes at the institutional level in the degree of "professionalization" and "vocationalization" in institutions of higher education. An evaluative state is seen emerging which emphasizes market values and a competitive model of higher education. (DB)

This article considers the problem of vocationalism in Norwegian higher education at the institutional and individual level and uses case studies of curriculum changes at the University of Oslo to examine the university's relationship to the labor market, effects of externally funded research, and academization of the labor market. (DB)

This article examines differentiation of the German state sector in higher education and the implementation of the vocationally oriented "Fachhochschulen." It then discusses the privately organized "third sector," consequences of German unification, and present tertiary adaptations to new needs and expectations in state and society. (DB)

This article discusses recent developments in the vocationalization and professionalization of Greek higher education, in the context of creation of a single European market and the advancement of research-generated knowledge. Also examined are the social dimensions of the dual concept of higher education in Greece and the political structural…

This examination of higher education in Yugoslavia describes the current structure of higher education, the relationship among various branches of higher education, organizational challenges such as responding to the needs of the economy and democratization, quantitative trends, and general problems such as declining enrollments. (DB)

This article summarizes results of a 1989 comparative survey of undergraduate education in five European countries, in terms of structures, organization and content of courses, admissions policies, access to education, and trends and prospects in student numbers. The countries reviewed were the Federal Republic of Germany, the United Kingdom,…

The problems of higher education in central and eastern Europe are discussed, including the processes of reform and the communist past; the need to both rebuild elites and expand participation; the role of the university between state and market; the relationship between research and teaching; and priorities for cooperation between western and…

This study of the composition and operation of both "top down" and "participative" school management teams in 18 Israeli elementary schools considers (1) how management teams are organized, solve problems, and make decisions; and (2) how the operation of the management team influences school effectiveness. No relationship between the team approach…

This article examines effects of the 1988 Education Reform Act in the United Kingdom, especially the decline in participative decision making by teachers, increased centralization of control, and the introduction of a national curriculum. The paper also discusses the historical relationship between professional autonomy for teachers and control of…

Interviews with faculty at 10 European universities examined 2 issues in developing effective staffing structures: (1) possible barriers to vertical and horizontal mobility caused by a worsening environment; and (2) the possibility of value-dissonance for staff as a consequence of new requirements. Clear identification of responsibility for…

The concept of environmental education is firmly established in the education system of England and Wales. In addition to support from central government, voluntary organizations that link teachers and policymakers have been largely responsible for dissemination of good teaching practice and promotion of ideas. (MSE)

The current status of environmental education in French-speaking Belgium is described, with attention given to the development of environmental interest and awareness, the evolution of an environmental education information dissemination network, other governmental and nongovernmental groups involved, school syllabuses, teacher training…

The evolution of environmental education in West Germany from the late 1960s to late 1980s is chronicled, and insights into the process of environmental education gained from these experiences are discussed. Additional emphasis on direct contact with natural phenomena, more innovative teaching methods, and increased focus on collaboration are…