Educational attainment provides some indication of the extent to which a person will be "trainable" for professional purposes, with the result that preference is given to the more education. Unemployment rate trends among young people in France and Italy are analyzed and "under-utilisation" is described. (MLW)

The primary changes in the teaching profession occurred in the mid-1970s as a result of pressures for student participation in decision making and closer government supervision of procedure and expenditure. Included were changes in the conditions of service and in the relationships between teaching and research and between faculty and…

The future of the academic profession in Sweden will depend on the public commitment to developing equality, job security, and flexibility in a traditionally stratified profession at a time of relative financial inflexibility. A number of directions are now possible, determined by the relationship formed between policy and economy. (MSE)

The success of British higher education in broadening its academic, social, and cultural roles may have begun to undermine the considerable solidarity and autonomy of the academic profession, with its values and privileges under more sustained attack than anywhere in Europe. (MSE)

The Spanish university system has grown substantially in numbers of students, faculty, and facilities in recent decades, but no firm policies have been developed for teacher training, and the departmental structure, schedules, financial support, and employment practices have not been modernized despite legislative efforts since 1970. (MSE)

General West German educational policy does not seem to influence application of new educational technology, which seems more dependent on the commitment of individual teachers, students, parents, and administrators. In addition, federal-state power structure influences related school funding and curriculum development. (Author/MSE)

The public agencies and individuals influencing British educational policy and some weaknesses of this system are examined with reference to educational technology. Characteristics of the government agency established to recommend policy for use of educational technology are outlined, and some perspectives are given on future development.…

Through the actions of several complementary bodies and at all educational levels, microelectronics and microcomputing in Scotland are being developed quickly and broadly. However, two problems remain: production, collection, and distribution of quality software and training the majority of teachers. (Author/MSE)

The status of computer-assisted instruction in Denmark, in the absence of formal policy governing it, is outlined for elementary, secondary, and vocational education. This situation is placed in the context of educational system objectives. The history of programing language usage is noted. (MSE)

A review of the state of computer use in education includes elementary and secondary education, teacher training, the computer and publishing industries' responses, higher education, home computer use, state and federal policies and programs, current federal projects and trends, and computer use in education as part of a larger social context.…

Prospects for a national policy for computer use in Dutch education are reviewed based on stated educational objectives. Resources and their allocation will greatly influence whether the emphasis is placed on specialized education in information science or computer literacy in all fields of study. (MSE)

Choices to be made in the formation of national policies for computer use in education, in all countries, are outlined. They include the issues of curriculum priorities, need for broad computer literacy versus specialization, educational level for introduction, teacher training, software development, hardware needs, coordination, and locus of…

A new system in which French higher education policy is evaluated through the policies of each institution is described. Characteristics of the French university and university system are examined, the national evaluation committee's structure is outlined, and the logistics of the evaluation process are discussed. (MSE)

The West German debate over state-controlled higher education planning versus market-oriented competition is examined in the context of recent West German educational history, actions taken by the federal government and science council, institutional reactions, and research on the use of performance indicators. (MSE)

Israel's higher education system and its history are described, and the mechanisms used by the government to control educational quality through funding and planning are discussed. (MSE)