A discussion of reforms in Swedish graduate study since 1969 and their results focuses on the design of a standard 4-year program, the career prospects of degree recipients, student financing, the working environment for graduate students, and curriculum relevance. (MSE)

The design and success of the Netherlands' new researcher training system are discussed. It is concluded that the system conforms more to the natural sciences model than the social sciences model of professionalization and should adopt a different, more supportive approach to the student. (MSE)

West Germany's system of graduate study is outlined and its role in the promotion of research, diversification of the higher education system as a whole, alleviation of labor market problems, training of future university teachers and researchers, and formation of a scholarly elite is discussed. (MSE)

Three basic European educational systems are distinguished: state-financed and -controlled system; non-state system that does not rely solely on public financing or management; and private education, dependent on various systems of finance and/or indirect subsidy and controlled by proprietors. The history and problems of private education are…

Aspects of West Germany's private elementary and secondary school system are discussed, including its history and role within the overall educational system, increasing popularity, legal situation, finance, and prospects for the future. (MSE)

The historical and present relationship of church and state in Irish education and the educational policies of the churches and the responses of the political system are examined. Some policy issues are analyzed to illustrate the educational policy process and the place of churches in it. (MSE)

While the private sector in Italian elementary and secondary education does not account for a large portion of the educational system or enjoy special favor as in some other countries, there is strong debate over legislation concerning private schools and especially church-related schools. (MSE)

Contemporary Dutch educational policies and the role of the private (church-related school) sector in educational policy formation are examined within the context of the system's history and recent administrative change and legislation. (MSE)

The origins and progress of the British effort to develop the private sector of higher education to provide educational diversity are discussed. Issues include private schools as non-profit organizations, capital funding and student-derived revenues, and mission and academic integration. (MSE)

A study of the Israeli labor market examined the relationships between earnings, educational level attained, and three kinds of mobility (occupational, geographic, and inter-firm) among high school and college graduates. (MSE)

Technological advancement, seen as the key to the economic status and fortune of the European nations, is at the heart of national debates over international industrial competition and the role of higher education in a wide variety of countries. (MSE)

A followup study of 1965 applicants to the University of Helsinki focusing on the high school-university transition; student-college relationship, entry into the labor force, and memories of the university in the 1960s are discussed from the perspectives of life patterns and the changes in higher education since that time. (MSE)

Changes in the status of the British "chair" or professorship in the twentieth century are examined, with focus on the types of changes, the reasons for them, and the administrative, educational, and intellectual results. (MSE)

It is proposed that changes in interuniversity cooperation in the Netherlands are a reflection of changes in university management and governance, which in turn are a reflection of changes in the political culture of the country, especially in the attitude of the central government toward the universities. (MSE)

The variety of conventional and creative responses of U.S. higher education institutions to declining enrollments and related educational change is outlined, and the shift in the role of state governments in higher education is discussed. (MSE)