In a number of European countries, the recognition of the university's key role in the evolution of the knowledge society--and in the identification and solving of political, socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural problems--has led to radical reforms of higher education systems. Denmark has implemented the most radical reforms of the region in…

In the early 1990s, the number of Europeans studying in the United States for the first time exceeded the number of Americans studying in Europe (Haug 2000, p. 27). This evolution was regarded as a very serious threat in European capitals. Public authorities in large countries requested their intellectuals to explain to them why European…

In this article, the author shows how the meaning of the phrases "Europe of Knowledge" and "modernization of the University" have changed since the Bologna Declaration. In terms of the former, the Europe of Knowledge is now seen essentially as a regionally based and governed space of innovation, which includes, but is by no means confined to…

This study analyzes the social and historical reasons for higher education reforms in Central and East European universities after the collapse of communist regimes, in order to answer the central question of this study: To what extent were the national features eliminated in Central and Eastern Europe by the implementation of the 3-5-8 model and…

Activists who are trying to preserve and revitalize the use of Voro, a regional language of southeastern Estonia spoken by only about 50,000 people, feel that the tongue is in jeopardy and that multidimensional efforts are required to secure its future. A leading Estonian folklorist and activist advised Voro-language instructors to cultivate a…

A substantial body of literature considers excessive corruption an indicator of a weak state. However, in nondemocratic societies, corruption--whether informally approved, imposed, or regulated by public authorities--is often an indicator of a vertical power rather than an indicator of a weak state. This article explores the interrelations between…

The French education system was created as a means to uphold the republican principles emanating from the Revolution. The first Article of the 1958 French Constitution says the Republic assures equality before the law of all citizens without distinction of origin or race. Theoretically at least, it is not only forbidden to discriminate, but to…

The study reported in this article is based on a pilot investigation of the principal's role in Greece and Cyprus. The authors asked newly appointed principals about (1) the nature of the role; and (2) the factors that contribute to or militate against effective enactment of the role. By gathering this information and comparing it against similar…

The Commonwealth consists of fifty-three independent nations that have associated in order to facilitate better international communication and cooperation. These sovereign nations are not bound by a constitution, but do issue statements outlining Commonwealth agreements, beliefs, and recommendations. In September 2004, a Commonwealth Teacher…

In this article, the author offers an analysis of the Bologna process that draws from Foucault's theory. The author focuses on the objectives and orientations of the process and explains why the process was originally initiated. By mobilizing the concept of "episteme" and "legitimacy", the author highlights the role of the European Commission in…

The recent evolution of the French higher education system is somehow in line with the new European and international environment, although what is specific to a national context should not be ignored. Admittedly, the public allocation of resources to universities is not challenged, the redistribution of funds is still based on an egalitarian…

Since 29 European ministers of higher education announced the Bologna declaration in 1999, the Bologna reform has spread to all parts of Europe. The number of participating countries has grown to 46. In other words, most European countries have joined the Bologna process, which is to form a "European higher education area" (EHEA) by 2010. Although…

Universities throughout Europe are engaged in a process of harmonization through the Bologna process, which aimed to create a European area of higher education by 2010, making its higher education more compatible and comparable, competitive, and attractive for students and scholars within Europe and from other parts of the world. Given the…

This paper analyzes the historical European influences on Latin American higher education. It describes three important types of influences: (1) academic exchanges; (2) university government; and (3) the organization of professorships. According to some experts, this century has been one of the most significant epochs of change in Latin American…

This paper examines the implications of one of the most recent integration trends in higher education, the Bologna process. The Bologna process can be understood as a sustained, broad-scale initiative among institutions of higher education and national governments to respond to the forces of globalization (Kalvermark and Van der Wende 1997). The…