Describes the European Community's efforts to unify Europe and enhance competitiveness in world markets by improving use of available intellectual potential. Discusses ERASMUS, the European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students. Explains the role of Inter-University Cooperation Programs (ICPs), a course credit transfer…

Describes European Community attempts to foster awareness of cultural unity. Explains that efforts include curricula and classroom instruction, educational materials, teacher training, and international contacts between teachers and students. Lists three objectives: (1) determining how the educational system contributes to the creation of the…

Discusses the European Community's languages program, LINGUA. Describes hopes of dismantling foreign language barriers and facilitating the free movement of persons and ideas and the growth of firms and trade. Notes that the program includes continuing education of language teachers, student exchange, innovation in teaching methods, and…

Discusses effects of integration of the European Community and internal market on qualifications for occupational activity. Describes German objections to the community's attempts to set educational policy. Urges common community definitions of professions and recognition of vocational qualifications to facilitate freedom of movement of the work…

Describes Greek participation in European Community programs for education. Discusses Greek programs for the education of migrant workers' children, student and teacher mobility grants, visas, and financial support. Examines Greek involvement in the Community Action Program for Education and Training for Technology (COMETT). Finds that Greek…

Discusses the problems of intercultural education in the European Community. Specifies that, for education not to discriminate, both majority and minorities must experience common learning processes and have opportunities to acquire relatively unbiased information about each other. Examines educational policy, school structure, and language…

Discusses European attempts to standardize academic and vocational qualifications. Expresses concern that the internal market threatens the cultural sovereignty of states. Describes the consequences of teacher mobility for the German education system. Concludes that more openness is necessary for the European Community's educational policymaking…

Discusses problems that European higher education will face as a result of European Community programs. Warns that resistance to change could marginalize higher education and reduce European integration to a purely economic, technological, and political phenomenon. Addresses diversity versus uniformity, the nature of expected change, and general…

Suggests that the constitution or structure of schools should be democratic to foster democracy. Discusses the value of parents' voices in decision making, but warns of the tendency toward bureaucracy. Argues that structural indexes must be formulated so that they can be transformed into instructional processes by a coupling of…

Addresses the question of social change as it affects the lives of children and their opportunities for learning. Describes the diversity of lifestyles that social change has brought. Argues that schools must accommodate inequality among children as regards their family experience as well as more traditional inequalities of aptitude, status, or…

Discusses family school cooperation in Western Europe historically and today. Stresses the importance of cooperation especially at the primary school level. Attributes the swing toward parental involvement in the 1970s to social unrest linked with demands for participatory democracy, new research results revealing family influences on…

Presents results of surveys of apprentices, young workers, and students in former East Germany from 1970 through 1989. Includes data on attitudes toward religion, Marxism/Leninism, the Soviet Union, East and West Germany, and the media. Reports tremendous attitude changes in almost all categories assessed from 1970 to 1989, with those changes…

Discusses the difficulties of educational reform in what was formerly East Germany. Describes the educational system in East Germany as uniform and military in nature. Criticizes the one-sidedness of socialist education and its politicalization. Compares classroom atmospheres before and after the Germanies were united. (DK)

Discusses the problems of secondary education in the East German education system. Argues that education is not an interest of the state alone and that the state cannot represent all of the other interests involved. Urges the redefinition of educational institutions and objectives to place more importance on the students' experiences. (DK)

Describes textbooks of both East and West Germany from 1949-56, 1957-62, 1963-69, and 1970 on. Discusses a shift in West German texts from intense antagonism during the Cold War to a more critical comparison by the 1980s. Compares East German text development that increased in hostility over time, viewing West Germany as a negative alternative to…