The history of international education is intimately connected to the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union during the second half of the twentieth century. Graduate programs established at colleges and universities in the United States were the outgrowth of a need to create cosmopolitan experts, capable of demonstrating the…

Discusses educational contacts between East and West Germany during the Cold War. Describes East Germany's socialist educational system and how it triggered educational reform in West Germany. Explains how completely East German totalitarianism penetrated the nation's classrooms. Examines what educational freedom will mean for eastern Germany and…

Examines some historical "maps" of the child institutions in Aotearoa, New Zealand. Finds a dynamic process of accommodation and resistance by early childhood constituencies to shifting political and pedagogical agendas. These maps were multi-layered and set against a backdrop of colonial values, which are described. (Author)

An historical survey of the Norwegian educational system is provided. Education in Norway is universal, pluralistic, and at government expense through the upper secondary school. Higher education has an open-door policy, and the tuition fees are very modest. (RM)

The cultural, educational, and intellectual development of Turkey is discussed. Emphasis is on John Dewey's effort in the 1920's to help the Turkish government advance the educational reform projected by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk as an integral element of his transformation of Turkey into a modernized, Westernized, secularized state. (RM)

The history of education in the Netherlands, including the political and administrative framework of educational policy, the relation between education and the labor market, and current trends, is discussed. Teacher education, educational planning, and participation by educators and noneducators in the schools through committees are also examined.…

Ludvig Holberg was an outstanding contributor to comedy and other branches of literature during the early 18th century. He advanced the movement later known as the Enlightenment, promoted the ideals of morality through humor and satire, and issued challenges to contemporary school and society. (RM)

Three centuries have gone by since the termination by the Catholic government of France of the religious, educational, cultural, commercial, and personal freedom of the adherents of the Calvinist Reformed Church, or Huguenots. The historical consequences of the Edict of Fontainebleau (Revocation of the Edict of Nantes) are discussed. (RM)

Greek Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou promised his electorate ultimately to bring about a fundamental reform in university education. This will be a very difficult task. The inadequacies of the Greek higher education system in the past help to explain why. (RM)

Primary schooling in Luxembourg and problems related to it are discussed. (RM)

The federal system of higher education in Switzerland is examined, including its history, basic structure, links between secondary and higher education, system of examinations and diplomas, research activities, library facilities, nontraditional institutions, conditions for faculty and students, administration and finance, enrollment patterns, and…

Educational research in Finland in the year 1978-79 focused on the role that research played in Finnish education, the organization of Finnish educational research, and trends and new measures at the end of the 1970s. (RM)

Many problems of educational policy are influenced by the distribution of tasks between the federal government and the Lander as prescribed by the German constitution. How the experiences of the Weimar Republic have affected education in the Federal Republic is shown through an analysis of constitutional history. (RM)

The eminent eighteenth-century encyclopedia editor and French philosopher, Denis Diderot, exercised a powerful influence on thought and culture in Western and Eastern Europe. He was interested and involved in educational activities and ideas and contributed to pedagogical literature. His life, work, and educational thought are examined. (RM)

The 1975 policy decision of the Swedish Parliament to reform universities and colleges followed many official inquiries, particularly the 1968 Commission on Higher Education (U 68), which had tried to solve higher education problems of the 1960s and 1970s. Described is the report of a project that studied the reform's origins. (RM)