Interviews with street children in Sudan revealed the subcultures they develop as a means of survival. The social organization and democratic practices in these subcultures show the children to be effective social actors whose perspectives should be considered by government. (SK)

Examines the role of schools in the socialization of settler children and families in New Zealand 1867-1935. Analyzes how government policies shifted between intervention/social control and care/protection as the balance of power shifted among the state, children, and families. (Contains 17 references.) (SK)

Examines educational activities organized by local committees and women's organizations in 19th-century Netherlands to protect working girls from prostitution. Places these activities in the context of the social construction of gender identity. (Contains 27 references.) (SK)

In post-World War II United States, women were caught between competing patriotic, economic, cultural, and psychological ideologies dictating their behavior. Differences between these expectations and challenges to behavioral norms provoked tensions in women's education that lasted until the women's movement of the 1960s. (Contains 25 references.)…

Although public schools attempted to assimilate immigrant children, immigrants tended to blend American and ethnic identities. Civic education played a role by encouraging students to define American identity as commitment to broad civic ideals, including respect for diversity. (Contains 27 references.) (SK)

In a 1950s Portuguese journal for high school teachers, their professional image was depicted variously as artisan, professional, and intellectual. The climate in 1950s Portugal presented political and ideological constraints to the assertion of teacher professionalism. (Contains 18 references.) (SK)

Critical evaluation of Leila Berg's book on Risinghill, a controversial London secondary school, suggests that her depiction of the headteacher's struggle against the London County Council emphasizes a deprivationist discourse that distorts the reality of the school and its neighborhood. (Contains 26 references.) (SK)

Educational reform in Finland shifted from 1960s welfare state ideology, which viewed education as an instrument of social justice and equal opportunity, to the 1980s neoliberal ideology of competition and individualism, to the economic depression of the early 1990s, which resulted in a new definition of educational equality. (Contains 20…

Responses from 22 of 24 Scottish elementary schools surveyed indicated that strong national commitment to Holocaust education and local support in terms of staff development, materials, a designated Holocaust education coordinator, and community involvement contributed to the quality of learning experiences. Informed attitudes about the Holocaust…

Secondary analysis of datasets can extend previous work in the field, provide a greater quantity of material, and has the advantages of speed and lower cost. More use of secondary data could improve the low esteem of educational research. (Contains 15 references.) (SK)

Analysis of key Dutch, Anglo-American, and Germany literature on Christian schools identified different conceptions of their identity: one-dimensional (purely religious); multidimensional (education influenced by but not dependent on Christian worldview); abstract universal versus concrete/contextual; and static versus dynamic. Conceptions did not…

In England, 14 elementary teachers in 7 schools collaborated on research to develop children's reflective writing by observing each other and cooperatively evaluating data. Techniques such as modeling, demonstrating text features, and focusing group discussion increased children's metacognitive awareness of good writing and helped them gain…

Pressures for evidence in social science and educational research suggest a need for systematic research review and synthesis. Four challenges this poses for the social sciences are (1) critical consideration of how the social sciences differ from medicine; (2) reduction of bias in evaluation; (3) better methods for assessing different research…

Numerous reforms and initiatives have attempted to reduce the gulf between pure/theoretical and applied/instrumental knowledge and create parity of esteem for vocational studies. Changing terminology and tinkering with curriculum will not bring about the values transformation needed to overcome deep-seated prejudices underlying the negative…

Analysis of educational reforms and policy debates in 1976, 1988, and 2001, including recent government working papers in England and Wales suggests that the two regions are now following different routes. In England, policy rhetoric emphasizes discourses of modernization and market forces; the Welsh paper is more allied to universal, free local…