Item position effects provoke serious problems within adaptive testing. This is because different testees are necessarily presented with the same item at different presentation positions, as a consequence of which comparing their ability parameter estimations in the case of such effects would not at all be fair. In this article, a specific…

In large-scale assessments, it usually does not occur that every item of the applicable item pool is administered to every examinee. Within item response theory (IRT), in particular the Rasch model (1960), this is not really a problem because item calibration works nevertheless. The different test booklets only need to be conceptualized according…

For large-scale assessments, usually booklet designs administering the same item at different positions within a booklet are used. Therefore, the occurrence of position effects influencing the difficulty of the item is a crucial issue. Not taking learning or fatigue effects into account would result in a bias of estimated item difficulty. The…