This paper investigates the history and concept of liberalism from its first uses to its most modern incarnations. The paper aims to serve as a primer for educators and educational researchers to better understand liberalism and its place as a foundational and controversial discourse in politics, social science, and education. Through reference to…

This review presents an overview of selected articles on the leniency hypothesis: the idea that students give higher evaluations to instructors who grade more leniently. Such articles comprise a small subset of the voluminous research on student evaluations of teaching (SETs). In this diverse literature, research methods and aims have frequently…

In 2002-03, a qualitative case study explored the perspectives of 70 stakeholders connected to two community-based adult literacy programs in Manitoba, Canada. Four themes emerged from within-case and cross-case analyses of the data: program design, human relations, community context, and financial support. Instructor-learner and learner-learner…

This article examines the relationship between teacher effectiveness and students' achievement as measured by test scores. A strong belief among policymakers and public as well as private funding agencies is that test scores are directly related to the quality of teaching effectiveness. This relationship implies that there could be a direct…

There is a need for educational reform of zero tolerance policies in school disciplinary management procedures. Zero tolerance policies are rigid mandates of predetermined consequences for specific student misconduct. Common sense and fairness are not necessarily served by the application of inflexible disciplinary rules that do not address the…

Literature on the use of true-false examination questions is reviewed, and it is concluded that such questions can be written to measure the range of cognitive outcomes efficiently. However, except among professional test developers, this does not usually happen. Research does not clarify whether the answer lies in better teacher training or in…

Issues related to the establishment and operation of women's centers in institutions of postsecondary education are examined. The focus of this literature review is the mature, returning female student. (JKS)

This review of literature on attrition from teaching indicate that teacher mobility has been studied from the institutional perspective, as personnel turnover, rather than from the viewpoint of the teacher and that important affective and personality issues have been neglected in favor of demographic factor identification. (Author/GK)

As an extension of the focus on the relation of special education to regular education, this study investigated the national pattern of change in the school provision for educable mental retardation for the years 1940 to 1976. Across states, increased uniformity of inclusion of mentally exceptional students is apparent. (Author/GK)

Five major studies of sexism in children's reading materials were critically reviewed according to basic research criteria. Findings indicated that these studies were not based on well-structured designs; that categories were not explicated or consistent; and that foundations to support valid conclusions were lacking. (Author/GDC)

This review focuses on the influence of teacher anxiety on student achievement and suggests directions for further inquiry. Research has determined no mutually acceptable definition of teacher anxiety, therefore a variety of its aspects are examined, including teacher effectiveness and influence upon classroom climate.

This paper explores the debates which have contributed to the conceptual development of global education. The meaning of global education is clarified by exploring the relationship between various world views and the purposes of global education. The author contends that these perspectives determine the content and purpose of global education. (BW)

This review presents a conceptualization of global education. The literature reveals that there is a need to improve U.S. students' perspective of the world as an interdependent system; reveals the developmental nature of learning in global education; and points out the need to assess the impact of current global education programs. (BW)

This paper critically reviews administrator work activity studies which follow the research of Henry Mintzberg. It discusses directions for future research using qualitative and quantitative methods and discourages research that relies solely on Mintzberg's structure. (Author/JAZ)

An instrument was developed for the assessment of nonverbal communicative behaviors of school administrators. Based on data from literature and a teacher survey, a 25-item instrument with rotational solutions clustering constructs in three factors was developed. The conceptual labels of Attentiveness, Openness, and Formality were assigned to these…