Speculates on several contextual ways of becoming a teacher in precontact Indian society, contrasts certain imported beliefs on becoming a teacher, and suggests how findings drawn from provincial historical data might help illuminate a history of teacher education. (CM)

The ethnographer should be part historian, part psychologist, part sociologist, part anthropologist, and must apply rigorous and consistent rules and procedure to the various steps in his/her research in order to arrive at reliable conclusions. An ethnographic observational study of administrative behavior of eight school superintendents provides…

Piaget's test for moral judgment is more influenced by the personal relationship to others than is Kohlberg's. Kohlberg's test seems to a larger extent to measure the subjects' norms and emotional reactions connected to internalization of norms. Moral behavior is more closely related to Kohlberg's measure. (Author/CM)

Referring to cognitive competence as a collective term of cognitive behavior as considered by Piaget and Hunt, a theoretical frame of reference based on Brunswik's unit and Wohlwill's conceptions of the environment as a source of stimulation versus the environment as a context for behavior is discussed. (Author)

Children and adolescents who had positive Dye Tests for toxoplasmosis had lower performances on all verbal subtests than those with negative Dye Tests. The impairment was comparable to subjects with brain damage. Subjects with congenital sight deficiency and positive Dye Tests showed progressive intellectual impairments. (Author/CM)

A small sample of Ohio school board members, superintendents, principal-supervisors, and school business managers suprisingly agreed in their perceptions of real and idealized leadership behavior of the business managers. All four groups indicated very large differences between real and ideal perspectives. (SB)

Secondary student teachers differ in leadership styles and tend to be more concerned with initiating structure than consideration. Their own perception of their leadership style was a significant predictor of learner achievement but learner perception was not. Leadership style was not significantly related to posttest-measured learner achievement.…

Significantly higher posttest achievement scores and more favorable unit evaluations were achieved in a secondary social studies unit using a feedback-corrective strategy with a manageable degree of specificity. This supports previous research that suggests the strategy is possible within a social studies area. (SB)

Among 157 rural second graders, girls' scores exceeded boys' and Whites' scores exceeded Blacks' in four language competence areas (listening comprehension, paradigmatic language, sight vocabulary, reading achievement). While White girls scored higher than White boys except in the paradigmatic language measure, Black children scored almost…

To reduce test anxiety, students should know that apparently no correlation exists between student rankings on examinations and the order in which students completed those examinations. Although the first paper completed usually ranks higher than the last, it is not necessarily the best paper, nor is the last the worst. (SB)

The "Journal of Educational Research" has reflected educational and social changes for 80 years. A survey of articles since 1945 reveals the effect of sociocultural developments, new inventions (television), world affairs, and educational innovations such as team teaching on education in general and social studies teaching in particular. (SB)

Results of a microlevel study of the problems associated with student evaluation of teacher lecture performance indicated that student ratings of lectures are valuable feedback regarding teacher presentation but should be interpreted with caution as a measure of teaching effect on student learning. (SB)

Existing Swedish educational inequality in terms of postsecondary representation may be largely attributable to socioeconomic background. Children from academic homes are eight times more likely to achieve an academic degree than working class children. Other childhood factors significant to postsecondary careers include sex and intelligence test…

The cognitive processes of seven children solving arithmetic problems were accurately classified as reconstructive or reproductive according to the child's verbal report of his thought processes. Classifications of thought processes by means of verbal reports can also be used to improve the analysis of latencies. (SB)

Study results indicated that there were no lasting differences in the English expressive syntactic skills of 57 junior kindergarten through third-grade English-speaking children enrolled in a French immersion program, relative to the English monolingual subjects who made up the normative data. (Author/CM)