Medical education research indicates little has been done to improve teaching effectiveness of attending physicians on hospital wards. Moreover, there have been few studies to determine what the attending physician should attempt to accomplish with medical school trainees. More data collected in clinical settings are needed. (RD)

Methods developed by Rothkopf; McConkie, Rayner and Wilson; McGaw and Grotelueschen; DiVesta and Rickards to assess prose processes produced by adjunct postquestions are reviewed. The processes are: specific backward; general backward; specific forward; and general forward. (MH)

Schema theory, an area of educational research within perceptual learning theory, is divided into five major subtopics: (1) explanation, development, and background; (2) theoretical approaches; (3) pattern classification; (4) pattern quantification; and (5) quantified pattern feature approach (which attempts to combine classification and…

Learned helplessness is a state of passivity and loss of persistence resulting from individuals' perceptions, over a period of time, that they cannot control outcomes of events nor can their efforts lead to attainment of goals. Research studies are reviewed and implications for the study of learning disabilities are evaluated. (MH)

Bilingualism, to be cognitively and academically beneficial, must be based on adequately developed first language skills. Two hypotheses, developmental interdependence and threshold, are integrated into a bilingual education model which treats background, child input, and educational treatment to explain educational outcomes. (Author/MH)

The taxonomy of test wiseness constructed by Millman and others is discussed. Other aspects of test wiseness are reviewed, such as additional influencing factors, manifestations, theoretical approaches, correlates, measures, and methods of minimizing its effects. (MH)

Research on levels of questioning and their effects on learning is reviewed. It is shown that higher level questions facilitate reproductive and productive knowledge, but the reasons why are not clearly understood. An information processing model which accounts for question level effects is discussed. (MH)

Research is reviewed on cognitive interventions which affect children's self-control. Five types of effective manipulations are discussed: self-verbalization; external verbalization; affect manipulation; cognitive transformation; and manipulation of attention. Self-control behaviors include modification of impulsive behaviors; delay of…

Three limitations of the Barnes and Clawson review (EJ 135 379), which concluded that advance organizers do not facilitate learning, are discussed. Several theories of the effects of advance organizers on internal cognitive processes are presented, and theory-related studies provide evidence that advance organizers can affect learning in…

Observation of second graders' task orientation in the classroom was found to be a reliable means of predicting achievement test performance. (Editor)

In a follow-up study, college seniors who had been trained in creative thinking as freshmen could not be distinguished from untrained peers in a creativity test. (JD)

Notetaking and rereading improved college students' recall of text material, but summarizing passages without reference to the original text did not. (Editor)

A post-quiz remediation strategy based on mastering a sequence of subskills in college algebra resulted in higher examination scores for students. (Editor)

Significant differences were observed between sentence length used by children in speaking and the length of sentences in primers and first reader textbooks. (JD)

A high degree of classroom activity relevant to the lesson content positively influenced achievement in high school algebra lessons. (Editor)