This review calls for change. Over the last two decades, a plethora of government policies have been developed to improve the educational outcomes of Indigenous students. These policies have, as yet, failed to reduce significantly the gap between the educational achievements of Indigenous and non-Indigenous students in Australia. This review examines the research evidence underpinning current government policy. It reviews and analyses existing educational research into the precursors and concomitant factors that contribute to educational achievement for students generally and for Indigenous students in particular. The review argues that current policy in Indigenous education is not sufficiently supported by comprehensive and substantive research evidence, and argues that changes to both research methodologies and content should be made. The authors propose a national research agenda that systematically identifies and supports policy change directed at significantly improving the educational outcomes for all Indigenous students. Only then can Indigenous students become full citizens, able to fulfil their full potential.