In 2000, Australia took part in the inaugural OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Approximately 500 Australian Indigenous students were assessed in PISA, providing a representative sample of the 15-year-old Indigenous population. This report presents the analysis of the results for the Australian Indigenous students in comparison with other Australian students and in relation to other countries' students. It also examines some of the characteristics of the Indigenous students. It was found that Australia's Indigenous students performed at a lower level than the non-Indigenous students in all three areas of assessment--reading, mathematical and scientific literacy. It is important that teachers recognise different approaches preferred by students in classroom situations. In the strategies that they use for learning, Indigenous students reported a preference for a cooperative, less competitive approach than did their non-Indigenous counterparts. The detailed analysis of student performance and attitudes afforded by PISA, placed into the context of home background, should provide a guide for further development and improvement in the educational outcomes for Australia's Indigenous population. (Contains 28 tables and 21 figures.)