Based on Carroll's model of school learning, this study sought to identify factors to help explain the discrepancy between time needed for learning and time actually spent in learning. Ninety-six boys were required to read and reread a passage until 100 percent accuracy was achieved on a criterion test. (Author/PN)

Two hypotheses (selective attention and slot filling) of how schemata enhance the learning and recall of the initial comprehension of prose material were tested. Consistent with the attention-focusing hypothesis, readers spent more time on sentences containing information important to their assigned perspective. (Author/PN)

The focus of the present experiments was to examine the effect of adapting the context of a presentation to a student's background. The results showed familiarity of context to be an influential factor in learning quantitative material. (Author/PN)

A temporal theory of motivation is proposed in which causes, causal dimensions, psychological consequences (expectancy and affect), and behavioral outcomes play a role in the dynamics of action. The discussion of methodological errors in attribution research that follows examines shortcomings at each of these conceptual stages in the motivational…

The possibility that expectations about classroom tasks that teachers communicate to students in the process of presenting those tasks might affect student engagement in the tasks was investigated by correlating the presence/absence of various teacher task-presentation statements with measures of subsequent student task engagement. (Author)

The factorial invariance of a temperament questionnaire was studied using the data provided by 24 teachers of 564 kindergarten through fourth-grade children. A LISREL analysis supported the hypothesized three-factor model and established factorial invariance of the shortened version of a behavioral rating scale constructed by Thomas and Chess.…

The effects of corrective testing and how such feedback might affect high- and low-test-anxious students differently are indicated. Subjects were 286 college students in three classes--one using mastery testing and two using multiple choice tests. (Author/PN)

Using an index of answer copying developed by Houston, it was found that rearranged questions alone did not reduce answer copying, whereas rearrangement of both questions and answers effectively eliminated detectable cheating. (Author)

This study compares the vowel-sound associations of normal and learning disabled children on regularly spelled (major pattern) words, irregularly spelled (minor pattern) words, and nonsense words following the same orthographic structures. The 60 subjects were matched on word recognition ability, as well as age. (Author/PN)

College subjects (n=106) judged a set of 12 covariation problems structured so that each of four judgment rules would produce a distinctive judgment pattern on a problem set. The findings suggest that self-report is a weak basis for conclusions about sources of error in covariation judgment. (Author/PN)

This study examines the relationship between student ratings and the degree of choice the instructor has in deciding whether a given course will be evaluated. It was concluded that voluntariness of evaluation need not be taken into consideration when using large, multinstitutional, comparative student rating data pools. (Author/PN)

The cognitive determinants of number series completion performance were studied by presenting a systematic set of problems to college adults and to average- and high-IQ elementary school children. In each group, a combination of process and content-knowledge variables accounted for more than 70 percent of the variance in solution difficulty.…

Original thinking was examined in 142 middle- and lower-class children across a wide range of age (7-13 years) and intellectual ability (low average to gifted). The instruments were lenient and stringent solution-standard measures of original problem solving and two subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. (Author/PN)

A meta-analysis of 77 studies on teacher expectancies led to the following conclusions: student attractiveness, conduct, cumulative folder information, race, and social class were related to teacher expectancies. Student gender and the number of parents at home were not related to teacher expectancies. (Author/LC)

Academically high-risk children who had participated in an efficacy-oriented intervention program were compared to a group of high-risk nonintervention children and a low-risk comparison group. The high-risk intervention and low-risk children had stronger beliefs in personal control over academic success; these beliefs were good predictors of…