Three studies examined the effects of variations of peer-monitoring procedures on academic performance of college students. It appears that although students can do well with the methods, participation is unlikely without the use of grade contingencies. (Author/MV)

Although there were social class and race differences in achievement and intelligence test scores, no relationship was found between attending and these variables. There was a significant correlation between the intelligence and achievement test scores, but no evidence that the relationship was different for the different groups. (Author/MV)

A field study was conducted in which 304 fifth-grade students spent three class periods per week for 6 weeks in small interdependent learning groups. As hypothesized, students in the interdependent learning groups (experimentals) manifested higher self-esteem than controls and liked groupmates more than other classmates. Further, black and Anglo…

The relationship between academic failure and poor verbal abilities was studied in young aggressive boys. Results did not indicate a generalized deficit in verbal development among young aggressive boys. However some deficit in mediational use of verbal ability may be present in aggressive boys. (Author/MV)

The self-enhancement model (that perceived evaluations of others cause self-evaluation of ability, which in turn causes academic achievement) was not supported. However, among females, academic achievement caused both self- and other-evaluations as well as aspirations. The causal patterns did not appear to vary across socioeconomic status level.…

College subjects were given either no prepassage, a thematic prepassage, or a topic sentence prepassage followed by an ambiguous passage in either superordinate or coordinate context. The thematic prepassage facilitated performance on a rigorously scored free-recall measure and a multiple-choice measure. Superordinate contextual organization…

Three data sources, analyzed presently, failed to reveal a Sex by Race or Sex by Socioeconomic Status interaction. It was suggested that Sex by Race differences in income, education, and so on could be the result of racially related sex role expectations or cultural prejudice. (Author/MV)

Results indicate Sex by Cognitive Style interaction effects with males more active and influential than females in field-dependent groups, males more active but not more influential than females in middle-range groups, and males and females equally active and influential in field-independent groups. (Author/MV)

This experiment attempted to discover under what circumstances, if any, children use whole words, syllables, letter clusters, or letters as units during reading. The results indicated that syllables and letter clusters are probably not processed as units for any type of word, but there was slight evidence that letters may function as units,…

First-grade teachers characterized by high knowledge of behavioral principles were more verbally positive with their classes and produced significantly higher residual achievement gain results for low-IQ and middle-IQ pupils than did first-grade teachers characterized by low knowledge of behavioral principles. (Author/MV)

This exploratory study was designed to investigate the relationship between specific classroom behaviors and critical thinking. Student participation, encouragement, and peer-to-peer interaction consistently emerged as being significantly and positively related to critical thinking. (Author/MV)

State test anxiety, worry, and emotionality were inversely related to performance, but partial correlations indicated that only worry was correlated with performance when the common variance between worry and emotionality was partialed out. High worriers performed less well than low worriers. No sex differences were found. (Author/MV)

Over fifteen hundred students were followed longitudinally from college entry into graduate and professional school. Relatively field independent students favored impersonal domains requiring cognitive restructuring skills (for example, sciences) and relatively field dependent students favored interpersonal domains which do not emphasize such…

The use of partial correlation methodology to control trait variance such as intelligence is criticized. Factor analysis is presented as the only methodology that can be used objectively and effectively with fallible measures to control trait variance. An example is presented. (Author/JKS)

This experiment explored the applicability of naturalistic methods of ecological psychology to the study of teacher behavior. Some differences were found between teachers who had been identified as effective or ineffective. The ecological methodology is thought to be a fruitful one for the study of teacher effectiveness. (Author/JKS)