Benchmarks are designed to demystify educational goals and illuminate the nature of good performance for teachers, students, and parents. Since 1987, the Toronto Board of Education has developed over 100 language and mathematics benchmarks at grades 3, 6, and 8, combining observation with holistic evaluation. Instruction, learning, and evaluation…

Recent research shows that an achievement gap exists between U.S. and Asian students. One reason is that U.S. students, their parents, and their teachers maintain unnecessarily lower performance standards than their Chinese and Japanese counterparts. Even with higher standards, longer school days, and new curricula, academic achievement will not…

Disagrees with Harold Stevenson's article in same "Educational Leadership" issue; Stevenson compares incomparable groups of students and misinterprets data. Although U.S. students rate ability higher than Chinese students, they also appreciate value of effort. Chicago kids are poorer and come from larger families than their Chinese counterparts.…

Excoriates Gerald Bracey's "broadsides" against the author's own article in same "Educational Leadership" issue for misinterpreting his conclusions and methodology. Stevenson's learning gap results did not oversimplify ability-effort relationship in U.S. and Asian students; results were similar for U.S. cities with both large and small minority…

In California schools, more teachers are relying on portfolios to put authentic student work at the center of education. A San Diego teacher describes how elementary and middle school teachers team up to evaluate student writing projects. Instead of being relegated to storage bins or scrapbooks, the portfolios now showcase students' best efforts.…

A Michigan teacher involved her fourth-grade class in developing effective writing criteria by providing students with interesting writing samples and challenging them to select "plus" sentences from their own work to read in class. This modeling technique helped students recognize good writing and gain appreciation of the standards for success.…

Argues that student who invested 12 years working hard, studying, and obeying teachers deserves diploma even though diploma's value may be suspect. In some states, like Alabama, value of 12-year investment can be reduced to zero by single multiple-choice test score. Schools must treat all students fairly by considering multiple intelligences and…

The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics recently published two documents emphasizing solving nonroutine problems in meaningful contexts. "Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics" (1989) describes what students should know and a framework for developing appropriate curricula. "Professional Standards for Teaching…

Policy initiatives from Kentucky to California are espousing curriculum based on NCTM-backed core concepts that students understand through induction rather than memorization, teaching based on guided mastery rather than didactic instruction, and assessment that is open-ended rather than machine-scorable. This article highlights obstacles to…

Teachers at a K-8 urban school in Phoenix, Arizona, worked to develop an effective math program that generated student interest and positive self-esteem. They eventually set aside classroom and large enclosed porch area to house math manipulative lab, where children could learn new concepts at concrete level. Results are excitement about math and…

University of Chicago School Mathematics Project shares some insights about using new technology, incorporating real-world data and applications into mainstream mathematics, improving student performance, and changing mathematics curriculum. Calculators are easily implemented, particularly high schools. Virtually all students can learn to apply…

Project 2061's first product, Science for All Americans, recommends the science, mathematics, and technology skills and knowledge that students should retain after high school graduation. Soon to appear are benchmarks for science literacy, and blocks, models, and blueprints for curriculum design. The project's basic premises: the ends come first,…

To achieve fairness and excellence in education, an elementary school should teach a body of shared knowledge, grade by grade. The Core Knowledge Foundation offers some principles and guidelines for developing such programs. As one South Bronx inner-city school shows, core knowledge works because it acknowledges human learning limitations,…

One fifth-grade teacher feels it is unfair if some students learn one thing, while others learn something else. Teachers must agree on some core of specific content and resolve to teach it at appropriate levels. Core Knowledge Sequence for grades 1-6 provides model of grade-by-grade content including literature, U.S. and world civilization,…

Since 1990, when a Fort Meyers (Florida) school became the nation's first core-knowledge site, over 50 other schools have taken pioneering steps to teach this curriculum. Core-knowledge guidelines include school-community understanding, acceptance, and involvement; alignment of curriculum with local and state guidelines; and collaboration and…