As the 112th Congress considers the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), it must revamp Title II of the ESEA and target additional dollars toward improving teacher effectiveness and equity. States and districts must engage in important reforms as a condition of receipt of their Title II funds. The authors call on Congress to consider the recommendations outlined in this paper: to collect and report school-level teacher-quality measures, implement new evaluation systems, and hold states and districts accountable for ensuring that all students have access to strong teachers. (Contains 3 notes.) [A paper jointly released by The Center for American Progress and The Education Trust.]