Frontloading is a learning strategy used in adventure education in which participants are briefed on the learning objectives prior to the activity, thereby encouraging learning to take place before or during the event. Describes indirect frontloading techniques (paradox and double binds) that facilitate learning with clients who have…

Examines principles to consider when evaluating the impact of outdoor-based experiences, including developing a rationale for the evaluation, determining the emphasis of the evaluation, and applying appropriate criteria to the evaluation process. Discusses difficulties associated with control groups, sampling bias, time period of evaluation, and…

Addresses the importance of implementing outdoor training courses for women only to provide a supportive environment in which women can gain the confidence and skills needed to become outdoor leaders. Describes the experiences of the author (a black woman) in dealing with her race and gender during outdoor training courses. (LP)

The history of outdoor education in the United Kingdom depicts the evolution of this field during the past 30 years. Outdoor education was becoming widely accepted when the 1988 Education Reform Act forced proponents of outdoor education to once again justify the value of this curriculum in the schools. (LP)

Describes a group activity that uses a tree as a metaphor to reflect both group and personal growth during adventure activities. The tree's roots represent the group's formation, the branches and leaves represent the group's diversity and capabilities, and the seeds represent the personal learning and growth that took place within the group.…

Explains principles pertaining to safety in outdoor education followed by member organizations of the Development Training Advisory Group (United Kingdom). Emphasizes protecting the emotional safety of participants during adventure activities and developing a safety attitude whereby safe conduct becomes second nature. (LP)

Elementary school students were surveyed to determine their liking of physical education activities over eight months. Each student participated in 18 activity units during the study period. Results indicated children preferred skill-related over health-related activities, though they enjoyed all of the activities in the curriculum. (SM)

Study examined the relationship of student characteristics to divergent movement ability in elementary school students, noting the combined effect of physical education content and specific teaching styles on one component of critical thinking in the psychomotor domain. Students' ability to generate different movement patterns improved when they…

Data collected from teachers during secondary school volleyball quantified teacher behaviors related to high student involvement levels and examined student accountability. More effective teachers spent more lesson time in the functional behaviors of concurrent instruction and intervening instruction. Less effective teachers spent more time in…

To enhance teaching effectiveness, university professors need multidimensional feedback on classroom transactions. The Teaching Feedback Model is a process that combines systematic observation of student and teacher behaviors with analysis of student learning. The paper describes the model, demonstrating its current use in college-level physical…

A collection of articles details the history and significance of the early professional schools, also known as normal schools, that form the foundation for the physical education profession today. The articles describe each of seven institutions up until they either affiliated with a college or closed. (SM)

In the Praxis Series: Professional Assessments for Beginning Teachers program, trained assessors observe teacher candidates in their assigned teaching environments and determine their instructional effectiveness. The article highlights the program's improvements over its predecessor, noting the need to explore teaching performance as a new…

A framework for decision making in implementing development projects has three dimensions: (1) personal and project expectations; (2) multiple responsibilities (to whom is the team leader responsible); and (3) carrying out implementation tasks (unconditional positive regard for clients; "do no harm"). (SK)

Among 852 Finnish high school students (20% academic, 80% vocational), those whose math study orientation style was confidence had higher math achievement. Those whose style was coping or anxiety tended toward lower achievement. Electrical engineering and business students were most confident, academic and handicrafts students least. (SK)

The Polytechnic Education System, part of Indonesia's higher education system, focuses on five areas of human resource development: apprenticeship, cooperative training for third parties, on/off campus direct training for companies, inhouse training for companies, and training of trainers. (SK)