The procedures used by first- and second-grade children in solving addition problems are investigated. The subjects were 56 pupils from a parochial school in Ithaca, New York. The data indicate that first graders add by counting, while second graders use both counting and noncounting methods. (MP)

This study investigated students' understanding of two mathematical relations as measured by conservation tasks. Thirty students were interviewed, half each at the middle and high school levels. The results suggest that the ability to conserve equation or function varies among pupils of different ages, sexes, and mathematical backgrounds. (MP)

Investigated was the effect of availability of calculators, calculator-related curriculum resources, consultant resources, and inservice workshops on children's attitudes and achievement in mathematics (grades 2-6). Results indicated no measurable detrimental effects for calculator use. Significant gains on basic facts and achievement were made…

A method of evaluation that permits some penetration into the teaching/learning process that connects the student, teacher, and program is described. The conclusions reached by this method can be applied to improving teaching strategies, inservice training, curriculum development, and evaluation. (MP)

A computer-generated game called Fish Chase was developed to present drill-and-practice exercises on addition facts. The subjects of the study were 19 second-grade pupils. The results indicate a computer game can be used effectively to increase proficiency with basic facts. (MP)

This study compared good and poor fourth-grade problem solvers on a battery of 19 "reference" tests for verbal, induction, numerical, word fluency, memory, perceptual speed, and simple visualization abilities. Results suggest verbal, numerical, and especially induction abilities are important to successful mathematical problem solving. (MP)

Based on Max Weber's three ideal types of education (charismatic education, education of the cultivated man, and specialized expert training), the article analyzes interpersonal interaction and students' educational identities in teacher training institutions in Britain. (DB)

Describes a study undertaken to determine the influence of parents, teachers, peers, and other groups on the secular values of adolescents on England. Findings indicated that neither a youth culture nor a class culture model of adolescent value orientation was prevalent. Further, religious and social class factors appeared to be more influential…

Focuses on mental tests, test developers, and the social and historical context in which mental tests were developed in the United States and England. Suggests that the tests were produced in an intellectual and social climate heavily influenced by eugenicist theory and that more attention should be paid to research which casts doubts on the…

Stressing that class disparity in selective and higher education endures from one society to another irrespective of national differences in politics, ideology, or historical experience, the article examines the postwar debate on education and equality. Emphasis is placed on problems associated with J. S. Coleman's assessments of educational…

It is the responsibility of adult education to train and retrain manpower to translate political, economic, and social objectives into action plans and programs, and to diffuse values, orientation, attitudes, and perspectives among the people in order to reduce social inequality. (CT)

Posits that, in order to reduce underdevelopment, solutions must be found for problems of production and productivity, and for the improvement of living conditions of the rural population through the elimination of structural constraints on development. (Author/JOW)

Describes a literacy program in Kamirithu, Kenya. Discusses the needs of the community and the importance of integrating literacy projects into the process of community development. (JOW)

Describes two adult education programs which can develop health capability. One is focused on family and community health and the other is a nonformal adult education program which teaches collective problem solving. (JOW)

Discusses the recent EEC directive which requires schools to make available to children of migrant workers within the community instruction in the language of their native country. Problems inherent in the directive and an alternative policy are suggested. (Author/KC)