This experiment tested the effects of racial group membership, race of experimenter, and dialect on recall in 4-year-olds. The findings indicated that whites outperformed blacks in standard English, blacks outperformed whites in black vernacular, and both performed better in their own vernacular. (JMB)

A children's picture-story technique, (the Sex Stereotype Measure) was developed and administered to 284 Euro-American kindergarten, second, and fourth graders. It was concluded that this method represents a promising approach to the assessment of sex stereotypes in preschool and early school-age children. (JMB)

This study investigated the development of perceptual, cognitive, and affective perspective taking in 167 kindergarten through sixth grade children. Task intercorrelations were low, nonsignificant, and inconsistent, supporting the view that perspective taking is a multidimensional social-cognitive construct. (JMB)

Attention to task-relevant and task-irrelevant information was compared in high- and low-test-anxious children. Results indicated that high-test anxious persons divide their attention in evaluative situations. It is suggested that providing them with task-relevant strategies helps them to cope with the negative effects of test anxiety. (JMB)

This study indicated that the school performance and intelligence quotients of associative responders diverge significantly over time from those of nonassociative responders. This divergence becomes greater with age, suggesting that reliance on associative responding in preference to reasoning may cumulatively interfere with intellectual…

This study compared the intellectual development, attachment to mother, peer interaction, and physical health of day care and maternal home care children. The results indicate that very young children who experience high quality group day care differ little from home-reared children. (JMB)

This study indicates that more socially desirable characteristics are attributed to physically attractive than unattractive middle-aged persons. It is suggested that this difference in social desirability is greater for female than male stimuli and that elderly persons stereotype middle-aged persons more favorably than young adults do. (JMB)

Presents two studies which examined the effects on moral and achievement evaluations of the sex of the evaluator, the actor, and of the evaluator's evaluation of himself. The results indicated significant effects of sex in both the moral and achievement domains and a significant difference between judging oneself and judging another. (JMB)

Presents two studies of elementary school children which suggest that: (1) white children do not conform differentially to black and white models, (2) black and white children do not differ in amount of conformity, (3) blacks conform more to white than to black models, and (4) girls conform more than boys among lower- but not middle-class…

This study examined adolescents' evaluations of short articles which differed in sex association of the content and the author's sex. Findings indicated that the subjects differentially evaluated the performance of males and females. Both sexes were perceived as having expertise in different areas. However, female achievements were devalued more…

This study indicated that the child's decision to respond generously to the needs of others may be a function of his evaluation of the relative fairness and deservedness of the other's plight. Whether competition renders the child less responsive is a subject for further research. (JMB)

Six year olds and college students were given two or four conceptual problems to solve, the number of rules within the series of problems being either one or two. Number of rules and the interaction of number of rules and age of subject were found to be significant variables. (CS)

The open-field activity of 140 children 3-9 years old was observed. Children were either told to stay in one part of the room and play or were given free play instructions. Findings showed that open-field activity decreased with age; parents' activity ratings were also lower for older children. (CS)

Several measures of effectance motivation were constructed; their validity was assessed by administering them to groups of subjects whose effectance motivation was assumed to differ: normal, noninstitutionalized retarded, and institutionalized children matched on mental age. (CS)

The comparative effectiveness of an aversive stimulus, withholding of resources, withdrawal of love, and reasoning, when used alone and when combined with praise, was assessed in a standard laboratory punishment paradigm with first and second grade children. (CS)