This study examined whether toy preferences of 20-month-old children exhibit cross-sex asymmetry, whether toy preferences are modified in a modelling situation, and whether children's familiarity with toys is related to toy preferences. (GO)

This study indicated that kindergarten children have developed consistent explanations for achievement outcomes and that attributional preferences are related to home environment and IQ. (GO)

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that category recall is related to the quantity conservation of mass, weight, and volume. The predicted association between conservation level and category recall was observed. (JMB)

Fifty 4-month-old infants were habituated to one wavelength of light and then tested for recognition with the original and two new spectral lights. After short- and long-term delays with different types of retroactive interference, the results indicated that the infants' recognition memory for hue was quite resilient to interference or delay. (JMB)

This study examined the development of young children's motivations to socially compare in a situation in which they were free to seek or not seek information about how another child was doing. The results showed a developmental increase in comparison behaviors from kindergarten to second grade. (JMB)

Five role-taking tasks were arranged in a task hierarchy on the basis of their content and structural aspects. These tasks were then presented to 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds and the data analyzed by scalogram and cluster analysis. The results supported the hypothesis and revealed a fundamental structural difference among tasks. (JMB)

Measures of active sleep, quiet sleep, sucking, crying, body size and gestational age were factor analyzed for 137 normal newborns at 2 days of age. The results yielded 3 stable factors: reactivity-irritability, maturity, and reflexive and discriminative sucking. (JMB)

Twenty first-graders observed an adult model perform a quantity conservation task. The children were then tested on a series of generalization tasks immediately, after one week, and after three months. The results suggested that the social experience of observation appeared to activate a cognitive restructuring of the children's mental operations.…

A total of 174 first, second, and third graders were tested to examine the relation between perceptual salience and cognitive style. The results indicated that implusives made more errors than reflectives only on trials requiring the use of the least salient dimension and that these performance differences decreased with age. (JMB)

Resistance to endorsing peer-sponsored misbehavior, judgments of the wrongness of such behavior, and attitudes toward self, mother, father, peers, and adults were measured for 174 children in four grades. The results support Bronfenbrenner's findings that American children resist more under the parent and less under the peer than under the neutral…

This study shows that 12-month-old infants direct more distal/affiliative behaviors to their fathers and show no preference between parents in proximal/attachment behaviors. However, with a stranger present, more proximal/attachment behaviors are directed toward the mother with no preference shown in distal/affiliative behaviors. (JMB)

Thirty-nine 4- and 5-year-old lower socioeconomic status black children were administered a simple communication task in which the experimenter was either blindfolded or could see the array of toy referents. The results indicated that the majority of subjects gave appropriate responses in both the blindfolded and nonblindfolded conditions. (JMB)

Corneal infrared photography was used to record the visual fixations of 24 infants (4-6 weeks and 10-12 weeks) exposed to simple geometric figures. The results are discussed in relation to developmental changes in responsiveness to visual figures and in increasing ability to process information. (JMB)

This study investigated the importance of auditory feedback in the speech of 3- and 4-year-old preschool children and in adults. The findings indicate that auditory feedback is involved in the regulation of vocal intensity, even in children as young as 3 years. (JMB)

Seventy-two lower-class black children were given tests of grammatical contrasts and production. The results indicated that comprehension of both easy and hard contrasts in both black and standard English increased with age in a parallel fashion, but that the production of black English decreased with age. (JMB)