Explored the relationships between the cognitive developmental level of preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational children (N=10) and their success in interpreting and explaining each of eight commonly described mechanisms of psychological defense. (JMB)

Results showed a significant relation between age and role taking, and between type of response required and role taking. However, emphasizing the difference in perspectives between self and other was not shown to facilitate role-taking performance. (JMB)

Hemispheric processing of visually presented words and pictures was examined in third and seventh graders and college students. Pictorial or symbolic stimuli were presented singly to either the right or left visual hemifield and subjects had to decide whether the first stimulus in a pair matched the second stimulus. (JMB)

Four experiments assessed infants' ability to keep track of their relationship to a place in space. Infants, trained to expect an event on their right or left, were moved so their view was reversed. The direction they turned in anticipation of the event indicated whether they were coding the locations egocentrically or objectively. (JMB)

Observation of infants and toddlers in a day care setting revealed that frequency of teacher-child interaction decreased and peer interaction increased with age. The increase in peer interaction appeared to be related to the toddlers' greater capacity for reciprocating social behaviors and increased use of vocal behavior in interactions. (JMB)

Investigated sex differences in mathematical and spatial (visual-analytic) skills in groups of Hispanic, Black, and White students prior to and during adolescence. (JMB)

In Study I, teachers' work-related feedback to boys and girls was observed in a classroom situation. In Study II, the different contingencies of work-related criticism observed for boys and girls in the first study were programed in an experimental situation and the children's attributions for failure feedback were assessed. (JMB)

Children 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 years of age were tested on their ability to identify simultaneous and time-staggered dichotic consonant-vowel stimuli. (JBM)

Children in two studies were shown a sequence of pictorial paired associates for study. They were subsequently tested for their recognition memory of these items plus an additional four new items that could be recognized if the child engaged in a reasoning-by-exclusion strategy. (JMB)

Investigated the autonomic reactions (heart rate and skin conductance) of 17 mothers of five-month-old infants to two landscape scenes and four types of videotaped segments depicting their own baby and an unfamiliar baby smiling or crying. (JMB)

Infants ranging from 6 to 12 months were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) allowed to look at a specified object, (2) allowed to look at and manipulate it, or (3) allowed to look at the object and to manipulate the transparent box in which it was encased. (JMB)

Examines how variation in the number of modeled motor and verbal sex-typed behaviors might differentially affect boys' and girls' subsequent performances. (JMB)

Interactions were observed as 80 mothers helped their first-grade children on an object-sorting task in the presence and absence of a third-grade sibling. (JMB)