Examined in two studies infants' reenactment of intended acts in failed-attempt paradigm. Found that when only first actions were counted, infants who observed the full-demonstration model produced more target acts. When all target acts produced within the response period were counted, infants in emulation-learning and spatial contiguity conditions produced as many target acts as infants in full-demonstration and failed-attempt conditions, suggesting that nonimitative social learning processes may influence response. (Author/KB)