The author examines within-nation and between-nation diversity in educational inputs, processes, and outputs, and the interdependence of input, output, and cultural context. Implications are drawn for planning equal educational opportunities in light of these complex regional variations. (SJL)

After outlining an ideal, the author examines the reality of the response by governments of the major host countries of Europe to the educational needs of migrants' children to determine how far they have been met and to suggest some factors which may have determined the nature of this response. (Author/SJL)

The development of paid educational leave for Italian workers is seen as a reaction to the inadequacies of the elementary/secondary system with its high dropout rate. At various points, comparative information is provided on other European countries. (SJL)

Describes the career and methods of A. S. Makarenko, revered in the Soviet Union for his successful work with children abandoned in the Civil War (1918-1921). Evolution of his theories in later Soviet education is traced and comparisons made with institutions for homeless or delinquent youth in other countries. (SJL)

This paper analyzes the emphasis placed on vocational education in Soviet schools: the provision of vocational schools; the ties of education to state economic planning; grade level provisions for vocational orientation; and urban and rural work training programs. The system's impact on pupils' career aspirations and socialization is also…

Data are presented on the ethnic and regional origins of university students in Sri Lanka, 1942-1974, in relation to general population distribution and/or university course of study. Two attempts to equalize university admission are analyzed: weighting school quality to standardize secondary marks and establishing a district quota scheme. (SJL).

To point up some of the problems of higher education in developing nations, universities in Thailand and the Philippines are described and compared. Problems include trying to maintain or achieve educational quality in the face of constant pressures to expand. (SJL)

The changing political and security situation in Indonesia since 1949 has made religion a compulsory subject at all educational levels. This paper looks critically at the assumptions underlying this policy. Its scope is limited to administration and control, educational objectives and curriculum, morality and values, and teacher education. (Author)

In light of the 1975 universal secondary education decree, this paper examines aspirations and access to secondary and tertiary educational institutions among various social classes. It argues that the educational system promotes mobility between lower strata groups, but bars their access to the elite stratum through favoritism toward…

Since 1917, Soviet policy has stressed self-determination of non-Russian populations and a commitment to their education. Using 1970 All-Union Census data and some later information, the author examines progress made toward this goal and the educational achievement of various groups. Success is noted and some problems outlined. (Author/SJL)

Using examples from California, the author analyzes the increasing trend for states to assume a guiding or dominant role over local school districts in important aspects of American education. He considers the main reasons for this trend to be public concern over academic standards and the increasing cost of education. (Editor/SJL)

Since Franco's death in 1975, one of Spain's most pressing problems has been how to encourage regional autonomy without destroying national unity. This paper considers how two regional groups--the Catalans and the Basques--are using the schools to promote use of their traditional languages and to strengthen ethnic identity. (Author/SJL)

This article is based on an exploratory review of studies conducted by local researchers and collected and analyzed by nationals of the following countries and regions: Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Arab Middle East and North Africa, India, Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines. (Author/SJL)

The author examines the role of nonformal education movements in the United States and Scandinavian countries, tracing the various purposes and possibilities of less formal school and nonformal cultural movements in differing circumstances, yet drawing general conclusions from a little-compared group of phenomena. (Editor)

This paper examines the literature on the role of the rural elementary school in community change and discusses certain socio-economic factors which may help determine a community's acceptance or rejection of the school. It concludes with a discussion on the relationship of the community to the community school. (Author/SJL)