Provides a brief depiction of cultural background of immigrant minorities and their location in Swedish society and describes major components of policy making within the educational system. Additionally, it provides a selective description of multicultural and multilingual instruction. (AH)

Suggests that education seen as an individual right complemented with its social dimension has been, in the case of Chile, a means of uniting the country and avoiding social disparities; however, when education is seen as an economic tool or means for development, conflict can appear in the form of civil war (AH)

Examines employment possibilities and upper-secondary schools via the situation in Milan (i.e., occupational demand, secondary schools' efficiency, 'short cycle' and 'long cycle,' reentry, work experience, and rigidity of schools). (AH)

Looks at the expanding frontier of pluralism in terms of reappraising the relationship of formal education to the advent of the constant change (occupational and social) accelerated by the microprocessor revolution and readjusting provisions in educational systems to meet the different needs of different populations. (AH)

Seeks to understand effects of recent reductions of federal support for education by recalling both the original grounds for providing federal aid and the modes by which such funds are distributed and used. Suggests features of federal support and draws attention to possible consequences of its reduction. (BRR)

Institutional and geographical decentralisations of higher education and research in Norway have mainly taken place during the last 10-15 years and represent a break with the past policy in this field. In many respects both decentralisations have turned out to be conflict-ridden processes. (BRR)

Overviews Finnish schools before 1970 and highlights subsequent reforms. Groups reform problems under four headings: conceptual, attitudinal, administrative, and geographical. (BRR)

Attitudinal and behavorial goals of political and ideological education in the German Democratic Republic remained stable over the period in which, unsurprisingly, both content of courses and methods underwent radical change; conditions in the first decade differed greatly from those prevailing later. (BRR)

Proposes a typology for examining Indian educational thought and experiments: the British period and its legacy, basic education, elementary education, higher education, adult education and literacy, and other trends. Concludes the essential prototype of education as represented by the university and the formal school system has remained India's…

Examines the main thrust of educational policymaking in Bangladesh during 1971-81 and compares policy goals with achievements. Finds there have been failures, but suggests underlying explanations for the persistent gap between policy goals and implementation come from the wider socio-political context in which educational policy is formulated and…

Attitudes of educational planners, politicians, and teachers will have to change radically if systems and institutions are to cope with the explosive problems of unemployment. That alteration must also be accompanied by changes in labour market conventions, traditional salary structures, recruitment and selection procedures, and in social and…

In spite of the current great interest in educational reform and the calls for fundamental change, history suggests that the liberalization of Japanese education will follow the lines recommended by the Ministry of Education--painstakingly planned and slowly and cautiously implemented after lengthy experimental studies. (JHZ)

Democratization of education in Japan is still recent, and women continue to lag behind men in higher education. However, women's expectations of social participation are increasingly higher, and in another 10 years women graduates of the mass stage of higher education will reach the age for influential decision-making positions. (JHZ)

Describes availability and purpose of Japanese kindergartens and pre-school programs. Relates Japanese child rearing practices to expectations for the child in pre-school. Summarizes typical pre-school activities and their relation to nationally stated goals which focus on successful participation in group life, cooperation, self-reliance, and…

Summarizes the cultural and political background of the Council on Educational Reform with attention to Japan's social environment as it affects issues facing the Council. Discusses the question of internationalization of education in light of the history of foreign language teaching and looks at humanization in light of school violence. (JHZ)