Examined whether toddler peers use hitting as a means of communication. Results demonstrated that hitting systematically resulted in different social outcomes for two-year-olds but not for one- or three-year-olds. The authors speculate that how gestures are used in nonverbal communication may change as verbal communication comes to dominate peer…

Scores on the Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME), designed to reflect parental support of early cognitive and social development, were correlated with elementary school achievement five to nine years later. Results supported the predictive value of the instrument for school achievement among low-income families. (Author/DB)

Studied children's attributions and evaluations concerning defense mechanisms used by other children. Children negatively evaluated the blame-externalizing defense of projection and viewed it as a masculine characteristic. The internalizing defense of self-blame was evaluated more positively and viewed as a feminine characteristic. (Author/DB)

Examined children's recall of the spatial configurations of an environment after the children followed prearranged paths and encountered barriers to movement. When asked to reconstruct the environmental configuration from memory, males estimated distances more accurately than did females. No age differences were noted. (Author/DB)

Analyzes methods used to record infant head position and the limits of these methods. An experimental device is proposed which records infant head turning and head righting when the vestibular system is stimulated. (Author/DB)

Aimed to provide an extensive and integrative review of empirical studies of pretend play in children. Attempts were made to sort out what is known from what is supposed but unconfirmed, and to identify the theoretical implications of the former and the relevance of the latter. (Author/RH)

A model is proposed in which stereotypes are assumed to function as schemas that serve to organize and structure information. The thesis is advanced that sex stereotyping is a normal cognitive process and is best examined in terms of information-processing constructs. (Author/RH)

In two experiments, examines discrimination of voice onset time (VOT) by 6- to 12-month-old infants. An operant head-turning technique assessed discrimination along a synthetic VOT continuum ranging from -70msec. to +70msec. (Author/RH)

A multiple habituation paradigm was used to determine whether 10- to 12-month-old infants were able to discriminate between visual arrays differing only in their numerosity. (Author/RH)

Examines the effect of three types of school environment (informal, intermediate, and formal) on changes in figural creativity over a school year for first- and second-grade children. (Author/RH)

Examines the relative effectiveness of organizational strategy use at study versus test in a single-trial, free-recall learning task among 90 subjects drawn from second grade, sixth grade, and college levels. Developmental increases in performance were observed for the dependent measures of correct recall, study-trial organization, test-trial…

The ability of 1- to 3-year-olds to conceptually interrelate objects was studied among eight children each at 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months who were given seven free classification tasks containing a scrambled array of eight objects from two classes. Spontaneous manipulations of the subjects were analyzed. (Author/RH)

A longitudinal study of young children's conceptions of money and its value was conducted among 80 subjects between the ages of 3 and 8 years. The research was conducted within the framework of Piagetian theory using the "critical method." Results demonstrate that the development of the notions under investigation proceeds in six definable stages.…

Strategies of allocating attention to information and incidental learning task performance were assessed among 60 children from grades 2, 5, and 8. Children's predictions about their recall of incidental objects and answers to a posttest questionnaire provided verbal measures of their understanding of attention. (Author/RH)

Three experiments examined the notion that children's primacy and recency in the probe-type pictorial memory task are related to the spatial distinctiveness of the "leftmost" and "rightmost" items presented. Data suggest that preschoolers and older children alike are able to code temporal order along with the corresponding pictorial and location…