Investigated the responses of 57 infants to breast and axillary odors produced by lactating females. Two-week-old bottle-fed girls responded preferentially to the breast odor of a nursing woman when it was paired with the woman's axillary odors or odors from a nonparturient female. (RJC)

Examined effects of social objects on smile production in 44 infants aged 1 1/2 years. Infants directed most of the smiles produced during nonsocial activity to an attentive social object. Although smiling frequency was lower when the only potential recipient was inattentive, the effect did not appear to be mediated by negative emotion. (RJC)

Investigated the quality of 5 mothers' interactions with facially deformed infants aged 17 weeks. Results revealed that mothers of deformed infants rated their parental and life satisfaction more positively and behaved in a less nurturant manner than did mothers of normal infants. (RJC)

Investigated the relation of perinatal risk status to dimensions of the attachment relationships of 60 infants with their parents. The results showed no evidence that preterm or full-term status influenced infants' attachment relationships with either mothers or fathers. (RJC)

Studies 174 mother-infant dyads to determine the relation between 3-month-old infant, mother, and mother-infant interaction behavior and later attachment behavior. Individual infant differences in sociability at 3 months were found to be related to avoidant behavior and A-type attachment. (RJC)

Investigates the preservation of inhibited and uninhibited behaviors in 100 children of 14, 20, 32, and 48 months. Children who had been extremely inhibited or uninhibited at 14 and 20 months differed significantly at 4 years of age in behavior and cardiac acceleration. (RJC)

Investigated variables which influenced viewing of "Sesame Street" by 326 children aged 3 and 5. The most important determinants of individual differences in viewing within age groups were the structure of the family and the family's relation to outside institutions. (RJC)

Studies effects of public day care on 119 children 1-8 years old. Time of entrance into day care predicted cognitive and socioemotional development. Children in day care before age 1 were generally rated more favorably and performed better than did children with late entrance or home care. (RJC)

Investigated the relation between social status and discourse skills in 54 children of 43-66 months. Liked children were more inclined than disliked children to direct their initiations clearly, speak to both interaction partners, respond contingently to others, acknowledge others, and reinitiate when rejecting.(RJC)

Investigated 112 four-, five-, and seven-year-olds' ability to perform competently in referential communication after training in asking categorical questions. Results indicated that children were capable of scanning a stimulus array while searching for a varied number of speaker-described targets. (RJC)

Investigates the representative frequencies of aggression of 43 children at the ages of 2 and 5 years. Dimensions of physical aggression at age 2 predicted dimensions of physical aggression at age 5. Frequency, initiations, and average length of aggression decreased between 2 and 5 years of age. (RJC)

Investigates the knowledge of thematic and taxonomic relations of 15 children of 26 months and 24 children of 34 months. Both age groups were able to identify thematic matches. However, 34-month-olds were able to recognize a wider range of thematic associations than 26-month-olds. (RJC)

Examines the ability of 140 children of 3-5 years to use functional standards to judge size. The ability to use nonegocentric functional standards was present by age 3. However, 3-year-olds performed above chance only when their attention was directed to the relevant function. (RJC)

Two studies assessed 90 elementary school students' attention to the total number of alternative and target outcomes when making probability estimates. All age groups attended to variations in the denominator and numerator and the interaction between these variables. (RJC)

Two studies investigated the attribution of action to beliefs and desires in 15 adults and 45 children. Children and adults shared a similar construal of human action in terms of beliefs, desires, and false beliefs. (RJC)