Results showed that play opportunity and training experience for four year olds produced roughly equivalent problem-solving speeds when the task was standard or direct. When the task was nonstandard or innovative, however, play opportunity produced faster problem solving than training. (JMB)

Results showed that preschool children at home initiated both more positive and aggressive social interactions and were more effective in attracting a visiting child into play than were children away from home. This was the case even when the child at home had been shyer during the first meeting of the children. (JMB)

Examines the initial reactions of type A and type B boys and men to uncontrollable events. Type A individuals are characterized by extremes of competitive achievement striving, impatience, and aggression, a pattern of behavior implicated by recent research in the etiology of coronary heart disease. Type B individuals exhibit the relative absence…

Examined family influences on vocational interest development. Hypothesized that parents with similar interests were more likely to have adolescents who also developed those interests than were parents whose interests were very divergent. To "unconfound" genetic and environmental influences, parent-child interest difference scores were compared…

Reports three experiments which investigated the reactions of children in grades 1-6 to the perpetrators and victims of injustices. Addresses the possibility that characteristics of the perpetrators may affect reactions to the victim. (JMB)

Preschool children ranging in age from three to five years were presented with an array of moral judgment tasks designed to assess their understanding of differing moral criteria. Results showed that older children correctly understood more criteria and that understanding of the relevant moral distinctions was developmentally ordered. (JMB)

First- and third-grade children, together with either a friend or a nonfriend, were exposed to cooperative and competitive goal structures. Children's performance was rewarded sequentially as follows: Phase 1, shared rewards; Phase 2, winner take all or proportional rewards; and Phase 3, shared rewards. (JMB)

A measure of mother-infant synchrony was developed and used to compare the interactions of mothers with pre-term and mothers with full-term infants. Each mother-infant dyad was observed during a standard bottle feeding session on three separate occasions: once prior to discharge and at one and three months after discharge. (JMB)

Explores the way in which children and adults use their knowledge of the canonical forms of stories during recall. Third graders, sixth graders, and adults were told either a normally constructed two-episode story in which one episode followed the other, or a story in which the two episodes had been interleaved. (JMB)

Subjects were 943 mestizo and Quechua Indian children aged five and six years who lived in jungle villages near Lanas and in slum settlements in Lima, Peru. Some six year olds attended school and others did not. The children were tested with a task that assessed memory for central and incidental features of drawings. (JMB)

Second-grade children, third-grade children, and adults judged whether pictures were members of a positive or negative memory set while trying to ignore irrelevant words printed inside the pictures. (JMB)

A sample of 80 first- and second-grade children selected to represent four levels of reading competence were tested in their recognition of semantic, syntactic, and lexical change in sentences previously decoded during prose reading. (JMB)

Children between the ages of 10 and 11 1/2 years were given a problem in interpersonal persuasion in either a practical or a hypothetical context. Children in the practical context exhibited higher levels of perspectivism than those in the hypothetical context. (JMB)