Working from Philippe Aries'"Centuries of Childhood," the author argues that nineteenth century demands for the education of children may be reinterpreted as the creation of a means of keeping children in a state of dependence and so maintaining a defense for anxious adults. (Editor)

From her study of traditional and open-plan British infant schools, the author shows how school buildings and playgrounds can express social and educational principles by controlling freedom of access; the destruction of defenses by open plan architecture being countered, on occasion, by creation of new defenses by teachers. (Editor/SJL)

The Juvenile Unemployment Center (JUC) scheme was intended as a palliative to the temporary unemployment of young people as the British economy reverted to peace-time levels after World War I. This article examines the thinking behind the JUC scheme and the reasons for its limited success. (Author/SJL)

The author analyzes different forms of progressive education and discusses the economic, ideological, and political conditions which allowed progressivism to flourish in British schools in the 1960s. (SJL)

Aporti is credited with starting Italian infant education, opening his first school in 1827 in Lombardy, which was then ruled by Austria. This paper discusses Aporti's educational views, his career, the spread of Italian infant schools and, particularly, reactions of the government and the church to Aporti and his movement. (SJL)

The author traces interest in science teaching within the British Association for the Advancement of Science, which leads to the founding of its Section L (the education section) in 1900. Emphasis is given to the debate within the Association on the place of science education within the field of science. (SJL)

Reviewed is the work of W. H. Winch, a major pioneer of research in educational psychology in Britain in the early 1900s. He emphasized the need for research to be related to the teacher's classroom situation. (KC)

The purpose of this paper is to describe Hazelwood, an early nineteenth-century experiment in progressive education; analyze the reasons for Hazelwood's closure; to re-examine the school's influence; and to evaluate the validity of its favorable reputation. (Author/KC)

The author examines reasons why, historically and currently, a great deal of controversy in Italian education focuses on the provision of textbooks. He discusses such issues as single national textbooks, participation in selection, effects on teaching methods, provision of class libraries, and the requirement that parents pay for textbooks. (SJL)

Traces the attempts of English trade unionists in 1879 to amend what they felt to be the distorted presentation of unions and economic concepts in the reading texts published by the Church of England. (SJL)

Traces the development of William Godwin from a writer on political philosophy to both writer and publisher of children's books. Discusses his viewpoints on education and the nature of childhood. (Author/SJL)

Examines the contributions of John Churton Collins of Birmingham University to the establishment of English literature as an academic subject in the universities of late Victorian England. (SJL)

The author credits Pestalozzi with influencing most nineteenth century Continental theorists on the teaching of drawing through his theories, published circa 1800, on drawing as an essential and integral part of each child's education. He analyzes Pestalozzi's approach in the context of his life, times, and general theory of education. (Author/SJL)

The author criticizes music education historians for presenting John Hullah as the protagonist of vocal music instruction in nineteenth century England, arguing that the credit for developing and popularizing the "sol-fa" system of singing instruction in elementary schools belongs to two unrecognized educators: John Curwen and Sarah Glover. (SJL)

The author examines some of the lesser-known private and proprietary schools of late Victorian England which, by academic success and by athletic prowess, strove to emulate the great "public schools." Reasons for some successes and failures and contributions of certain headmasters are noted. (Author/SJL)