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Direct linkCumming, Alister; Kantor, Robert; Baba, Kyoko; Erdosy, Usman; Eouanzoui, Keanre; James, Mark – Assessing Writing, 2005
We assessed whether and how the discourse written for prototype integrated tasks (involving writing in response to print or audio source texts) field tested for Next Generation TOEFL[R] differs from the discourse written for independent essays (i.e., the TOEFL Essay[R]). We selected 216 compositions written for six tasks by 36 examinees in a field…
Descriptors: Grammar, Field Tests, English (Second Language), Pragmatics
Peer reviewedCumming, Alister – Assessing Writing, 2002
Contends that different ethical issues arise according to how the construct of writing is defined for assessment purposes. Explains that most formal assessments assume a pragmatic, functional definition of second-language writing in which an examinee's text production is judged normatively in respect to conventions. Discusses efforts to develop…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Ethics, Higher Education, Literary Devices
