Female art students, rather than male art students, claimed tendencies to seek change for the sake of pleasure and to be competitive and aggressive. No differences in personality characteristics were found between males and females studying studio arts and those studying English and psychology. (Author/RM)

This 1981 study replicated a 1970 investigation of the characteristics of clay figures made by children from ages 5 to 11 in order to determine whether children had become more adept during the 10-year period. Children's methods of construction and amount of detail used in the second study did not vary from the earlier one. (Author)

How the concept of drama includes the idea of meaningful intensification--the revelation of the unified spirit or energy that characterizes a community--is discussed. Within the context of art education, meaningful intensification is interpreted within a class social structure. (RM)

The career of art educator David Phillip Blair (1850-1925) is discussed. A graduate from the National Art Training School in South Kensington, London, England, Blair was responsible for introducing the South Kensington art system, with its emphasis on the practical arts, into the schools of New Zealand and Canada. (Author/RM)

This article examines the formation, structure, and program of the Public Industrial Art School of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the two men who directed it during its brief existence between 1880 and 1916, Charles Godfrey Leland and J. Liberty Tadd. Special emphasis is given to the pedagogical theory articulated by Tadd. (Author/RM)

The curriculum movement known as picture study was, in part, the result of the late nineteenth-century development of printing processes capable of reproducing works of art. This description of the reproductions used in picture study illustrates how popularist attitudes toward art and technological changes set the context for this art movement.…

Examines how painters and other artists who lived in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries learned to draw as children. Results supported the conventionalist view of how children learn to draw, i.e., most of the children learned to draw by copying directly from pictures. (RM)

Discusses how the work of art theorists, art educators, psychologists, and anthropologists who were predecessors or contemporaries of Viktor Lowenfeld influenced Lowenfeld's philosophy and theory of art education. Included are Friedrich Froebel, James Sully, Franz Cizek, Siegfried Levinstein, Max Verworn, Walter Krotzsch, George Luquet, and Karl…

A chronology of art education theories and programs from 1750 to 1982 is presented, and the limitations, biases, choices, and interpretations inherent in this chronology and in historical research and reporting in general are examined. (Author/RM)

Four styles of historical investigation are identified: realistic, formal, expressive, and pragmatic. For each style the philosophical assumptions of the historian, the methods employed, and criteria for judgment are discussed. Examples of each style in the literature of art education are also examined. (Author/RM)

Students preparing to become art teachers at Massachusetts College of Art must take a course that teaches them the techniques of historical research. Students choose their own research topics. One student found part of a Chautauqua industrial art desk, the researching of which opened up many new areas for historical investigation. (Author/RM)

Past educational reform movements have failed because they relied on money, research, and novel ideas, and because reforms were imposed on schools and not generated from within. Reform that comes through improved teacher preparation is the kind most likely to succeed. How teacher education in art should be changed is suggested. (RM)

Verbal contextual information affected photography and nonphotography students' performance on semantic retention tests. For example, correct titles aided the formation and retention of accurate memories, while erroneous titles misled students into remembering meanings that had relatively little to do with what was actually pictured in the…

Bipolar adjective scales and bipolar graphic scales for visual ratings were validated. The study suggests a stable structure of graphic ratings of art unaffected by race or artist or viewer and art style that should prove useful in cross-cultural studies and in studies among children and the verbally impaired. (Author/RM)

Schur's labeling theory as it applies to deviant behavior is critiqued. His labeling theory is shown to have relevance to labeling artistically talented students after some items in the theory are changed or expanded to accommodate more positive aspects of labeling the artistically talented in contrast to labeling delinquents. (Author/RM)