In order to help students adapt well to stressful situations or adversity, many researchers have explored the issue of students' resilience. The main purpose of this study was to develop the Inventory of College Students' Resilience (ICSR), for assessing resilience of college students. The present study recruited 993 participants to conduct item analysis, exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis. We then administered the questionnaire to another 1490 participants in order to conduct confirmatory factor analysis and assess criterion-related validity. The results showed the proposed model fit the data well and the ICSR had both internal consistency and criterion-related validity. The ICSR was also found to have measurement invariance across gender. We conclude that the ICSR can help students to identify strengths and weaknesses in order to reinforce their resilience and improve their response to life stress and trauma.