This study uses data from the child and adult components of the 2001 Canadian Aboriginal Peoples Survey to examine what factors are related to speaking an Aboriginal language and how speaking an Aboriginal language is related to school outcomes. Even after controlling for child and family factors (age, sex, health status, household income, number of people living in the household, and living in an urban or rural area), speaking an Aboriginal language was associated with positive school outcomes for young children aged 6-14 years old if they learned the language in school, but a lower likelihood of having completed high school for 20-34-year olds. Possible reasons for this difference between child and adult results are discussed. (Contains 1 figure, 4 tables, and 4 notes.)